All Interviews

Various Locations Across the United States on Various times

gluck-1	(Conversation about some of the art around Glück's apartment, and the print she used for the cover of Village Life)
gluck-2	DB: If you would state your name and the location we're at for this interview.	[00:03:43] beginning of actual interview
gluck-3	LG: Louise Glück. Glück is spelled with a ü and an umlaut, and the name is Hungarian. We're in Cambridge, Massachusetts in my apartment.
gluck-4	DB: Of course, I know the answers to many of these questions but—what genres do you work in?
gluck-5	LG: Poetry. I have written some essays and some forewords to books when I was judging first book prize contests. But in the main, poetry.
gluck-6	DB: Are you going to collect those essays?	[00:04:28]
gluck-7	LG: Yeah.
gluck-8	DB: Good, those are so excellent. You worked really hard at them, I know.
gluck-9	LG: I worked so hard, and they ruined ten summers because it made me frantic with anxiety—the idea of trying to serve a new talent and to describe its uniqueness. And, you know, it's a natural offshoot of teaching, which I've loved for years. I loved everything about judging those contests, and I loved working with the poets on their manuscripts. And in the early days before Yale Press was convinced that this was worthwhile, I used to buy a plane ticket for people so they could come here and spend three days working.
gluck-10	DB: Okay.
gluck-11	LG: Then I would make very detailed recommendations, which they were free to not take because the book had won. On the other hand, they weren't free to change the books any which way because I could say, "This is not the book I chose." They could stay exactly as they were, or they could respond to suggestions and work further. Many of them actually felt a great need for that kind of work and they just didn't have somebody who was willing to take that kind of detailed daily interest.
gluck-12	DB: From what I've experienced, it doesn't seem to be a very common thing for the selector to take a real interest after they choose and then they're done—and they get their money and they're on their way.
gluck-13	LG: I think that's sort of how most of them feel and most of them also don't want to read a lot of books. Or in some contests, they're not permitted to. They're sent ten finalists screened by—
gluck-14	DB: Who knows?
gluck-15	LG: It varies. But if these manuscripts are being screened by people whose aesthetic judgment you question, you don't know what you're getting. So I asked to see as many as possible with the understanding that nothing would be thrown out until a winner was chosen because if I didn't find a winner in a hundred manuscripts, I was going to see the next hundred.
gluck-16	DB: Right.
gluck-17	LG: And that was all fun because you didn't have to read each book through to completion, and you didn't have to write a little paragraph evaluating it the way you do for other kinds of things. If you didn't love it, it was unlikely you would choose it. You would put it in the "unlikely" pile—and my living room was filled with piles, identifiable by me—and then at the end, I would read through the piles to see whether something got promoted or demoted. Some years were thrilling, I mean, it was too much stuff. In those years, most of the runners up ended up winning.
gluck-18	DB: Some other—?
gluck-19	LG: Well, later Yale prizes.
gluck-20	DB: Oh okay. You would encourage them to resubmit.
gluck-21	LG: Yeah. Some people would submit like three and four times.
gluck-22	DB: Yeah, that's interesting. I want to know who it is.
gluck-23	LG: Well, we would do that when that's off.
gluck-24	DB: Okay. So what time of year were you usually doing that evaluation?
gluck-25	LG: It worked out very well because a lot of that time, I was just working half time at Yale, not in the spring semester, and I would get the manuscripts in December, right after the semester ended. I tried to give myself a couple of weeks of blank. And then the cartons would start to come from the people who were screening, and Yale allowed the appropriation of a mechanism that I had picked up from Michael Collier when I judged the Bakeless prize that he supervised. He had each poet who was judging choose younger poets to screen. So I chose ten poets and they got paid a pittance, and each of them read a hundred books and sent me ten, and kept ninety. That meant that I had someone to talk to about each of these manuscripts. And sometimes we would talk before they even sent things and they would say, "Well, do you want to see this? I'm on the fence." I had great people screening for me and they were people whose judgments I trusted and who sent me very broadly diverse manuscripts. One thing that I wanted was a series in which the books weren't all alike. And they're not. Anyway, that was great, but it meant that all the prose writing I did for ten years was writing forewords. So I have a stack and a few other essays. It doesn't make as pleasing a collection as the first one but I can't stand the idea that it's just going to go nowhere.
gluck-26	DB: No, I would be very excited to have that book.	[00:10:37]
gluck-27	LG: Oh well, good. Do you have an idea for a title? Not three words.
gluck-28	DB: Not three words?
gluck-29	LG: Not like "Proofs and Theories," "This and That." Not a clone.
gluck-30	DB: No.
gluck-31	LG: I don't either.
gluck-32	DB: If I think of some options.
gluck-33	LG: Please, I really need it.
gluck-34	DB: Okay.
gluck-35	LG: I'll acknowledge you.
gluck-36	DB: Is it coming out of FSG?
gluck-37	LG: Yeah, but not for awhile.
gluck-38	DB: Not for awhile. You've got this next book.
gluck-39	LG: Yeah.
gluck-40	DB: Okay. Well, that was the first question.
gluck-41	LG: That was the first? What was that about? It wasn't about digital anything!
gluck-42	DB: No, it was just general. I went to AWP this year which was terrifying.
gluck-43	LG: I've never been.
gluck-44	DB: Yeah, you should never go.
gluck-45	LG: That's sort of what I think.
gluck-46	DB: But there was a panel with Richard Siken and—who were the other two?—
gluck-47	LG: Arda Collins?
gluck-48	DB: Arda Collins and—
gluck-49	LG: Fady Joudah?
gluck-50	DB: Exactly, and they were talking. I caught the second half, so I heard Siken talking about his working with you on Crush, which was really funny. He's funny. I didn't know how funny he was. The book is pretty intense but—
gluck-51	LG: Right. And he's a great visual artist.
gluck-52	DB: Oh yeah? Oh! I like that.	[00:12:02] (SHOWING DB SIKEN ARTWORK)
gluck-53	LG: I think he's amazing.
gluck-54	DB: Yeah.
gluck-55	LG: He made these envelopes because he thought he was going to be living in Europe, and so he made—that one's wonderful—all of these things. And, you know, the message was the envelope. I don't know how you can frame them.
gluck-56	DB: Yeah, who knows? They're very nice.
gluck-57	LG: Aren't they wonderful?
gluck-58	DB: Yeah. He has another book coming out too.
gluck-59	LG: Yeah, he does, which I saw a long time ago. And Peter Streckfus has a new book, and it's wonderful.
gluck-60	DB: I really love his first book.
gluck-61	LG: I love that book. I love that book and I just think he's an amazement. And Jay Hopler has a new book that he's peddling. Those first three I worked with really closely on the first books, and with Peter and Jay, I worked a lot on the second, too. With Richard, much less. I mean, it's funny because he needed a lot of editing. His poems were way too long, and his stanzas were too long. The lines were too long. But you had to preserve that avalanche sense—that headlong sense—and so it was very hard to figure out. But once he saw a way of approaching the language to edit it and still preserve its character, he was an excellent editor. And he may feel that he just knows how to do it on his own. I mean, we talk on the phone and I saw early versions of a lot of the poems.
gluck-62	DB: Yeah, and Crush has become a sort of a phenomenon.
gluck-63	LG: A cult book, I know.
gluck-64	DB: It's interesting. I mean, I remember I first heard about it at Bread Loaf that year. I was there and somebody said like, "Have you read Crush?" I was like, "No, I'm sorry." And then I caught it. We know the MFA students at Idaho, and some of them are teaching it. And the guy who was actually working for me in Digital based the final poem in his thesis off those lines and that sort of stanza style.	[00:14:52]
gluck-65	LG: Well, a lot of people sound like him. You can see, they read the book and then they can't get out of it.
gluck-66	DB: Yeah, that's the danger.
gluck-67	LG: That's hard.
gluck-68	LG: So your primary genre is poetry, correct? What kinds of devices do you have access to or use for writing?	[00:15:31] GLÜCK AND HER IPAD
gluck-69	LG: I have access to an iPad—but I have never written anything on it except a terse email. And I cannot bear reading poems in that form. In fact today, there was a conversation with my publisher because I finally figured out a way—to their satisfaction—to convert their poetry listings to ebooks. The question was, would I give my permission. But I cannot bear reading poems in that form—scrolling down a page. You have no idea how long the thing is. You don't know whether you're in the middle or at the end.
gluck-70	LG: Miranda, who is my "daily editor," not my "big guy" editor, who was a student of mine at Yale—you know, it's very funny. I have all these students now in positions of—I hesitate to say "authority"—but I turn to them for solace and advice all the time. Miranda is quite great and her judgment is wonderful. And she was a wonderful beginning writer, too. Anyway, she said she thought it was a good idea. She said for people who are used to reading in this form, it's not such a violation. But it makes me uneasy. For example, when I was in Stanford and friends would send me drafts of poems as we do—as I do through the mail, or at Stanford, I would give something to a secretary—but I just have to go to someone who can print it out.
gluck-71	DB: Print it out on paper.
gluck-72	LG: Yeah. Well, I have to be able to move my pen around and make notes, first of all. I have to see what it looks like, what the duration is, and I have to be able to read the beginning and the end—I have to have it all in my head. Mainly it's that I don't know how to make notes otherwise. But I have this [iPad] that gives me fantastic pleasure in other ways. I love it and it's an endless amusement. I keep it very near my bed, or on my bed. If I wake in the middle of the night, I turn on the light and I see if anybody is writing to me. I always loved getting mail, and now I have that experience around the clock—except that I check it every four minutes, and I'm so heartbroken when there's no change. It's just that same old email from Amazon or some website that I patronized once. I have a regular old fashioned cell phone. I only got a cell phone about five years ago because I'm taxi-dependent and I needed to be on the street and calling the guy. So it doesn't receive emails or anything like that.	[00:18:18]
gluck-73	DB: It's a regular iPad? Just, like, the first?
gluck-74	LG: No—
gluck-75	DB: The larger one or the smaller one?
gluck-76	LG: The iPad that I have?
gluck-77	DB: Yeah.
gluck-78	LG: I'll show you, because how it looks is part of its story.
gluck-79	DB: Okay.
gluck-80	LG: Yeah, the little one—I don't know what size this is.
gluck-81	DB: That's the regular size. They have the minis, now. That's the only kind of different size.
gluck-82	LG: What happened was, I went to—some of this has to be off-the-record—this event. I was invited to this thing, the Golden Plate Award, sponsored-by/held-by something called "The Academy of Achievement." I mean, it sounds so spurious and ridiculous, but you showed up and you got $10,000. It was in Washington DC and the hotel was enormously swank—I mean, super swank. So I asked my agent to find out what was the fewest number of days I could go and still collect the fee, and it was one. So I scaled it way back, but then I found out when I arrived that the dinner the night before for the honorees had been in the Chambers of the Supreme Court with the Justices. Just the Justices and the honorees. I could've eaten dinner. This is the part that needs to be off the record.
gluck-83	DB: Okay.
gluck-84	LG: [{off the record}] but anyway, when I arrived, part of my welcome package was this thing [iPad], and it was all programmed with the winners and their bios. The entertainment, the last night when we all got our plates—
gluck-85	DB: You've actually got gold plates?
gluck-86	LG: Yeah, I mean, the room was very, very good for a banquet meal. It was extraordinary. I mean, if you squared off this room, this is the whole thing. It certainly wasn't bigger. It might have been a little smaller. So picture an intimate space. I always want people to guess but it's ridiculous—what they are going to guess? It was like seeing Mozart: it was Aretha Franklin.
gluck-87	DB: Really?
gluck-88	LG: Aretha! She was there right where the tulips are. So the whole thing was eerie. Anyway, the guy gave me this [iPad] when I arrived. I said, "Don't give me this. I'm never going to use it. Give it to someone who can make use of it." He said, "I have to give it to you." And I said, "But I won't use it. I don't want it. I'll leave it in the hotel room. Please give it to someone else." He said, "I have to give it to you," and he thrust it at me and then I was holding it, and then I seemed to have it. So I took it to the hotel room and I'd seen how people push the screens so I pushed the screen. Nothing happened. I mean, it wasn't connected to anything, but I thought, "I apparently don't have the gift." So I then brought it home—well actually, I had somebody ship it to me—and then I kept looking at it and thinking, "I guess now that I own this, I should learn how to use it." But I lingered in that state for about six months and then at some point—I have former students from Yale I'm still in touch with, and the Yale students sometimes come up here to work on their stuff, and one did. And I said, "What do I have to do to learn how to use this?" He said, "Well, you need to get Wi-Fi." And I said, "How do I do that? Do I call AT&T? Do I call Comcast?" He said, "Call Comcast." So I called Comcast and they asked me questions I couldn't answer. "Do you have a blank? Do you blank-blank?" I said, "I know nothing. You have to just assume I have nothing."
gluck-89	LG: I thought, "This is not going to work." It wasn't working, so I called the student back and said, "Write me a script. Here's the kinds of things I was asked—tell me what I say." So I went back and I recited my script. Someone came to the house and installed a device. No one had told me that it had this little strobe flickers. And I am epileptic, so I thought, "Oh, this is never going to do." So I called the student again and he said, "You can turn it around. Just turn it so the strobe is facing another direction." And I did, but then I still didn't have an email account, so then someone else came up to work on poems and I got an email. Then, I was so horrified at this transformation that I didn't do anything for another six months!
gluck-90	LG: And then Robert Pinsky—I told him I had an email and he sent me a photo of one of his grandchildren. I opened this little thing and there was a photo. I thought, "Wow." So I learned certain skills. I still can't add an attachment. No, that's not what they are called. An app. I don't know how to add an app, so somebody has to do that when I—
gluck-91	DB: Need an app.
gluck-92	LG: Yeah. Like, I wanted HBO because I couldn't—
gluck-93	DB: HBO To Go?
gluck-94	LG: But then I have all of these names and passwords, and I can never remember what they are. Then they ask me, "You say you want to change your password?" Yes! And they ask me my special secret questions, which make absolutely no sense. "What is your favorite pet's name?" I didn't have pets. I mean, except when I was a child. And they say, "Well, we can't change the question because the person who this is came up with this question." And I think, "How could I? I never would have."
gluck-95	DB: Right.
gluck-96	LG: I still haven't figured that out, but now I try to write down the passwords in my phonebook, because they're such a long list in my head I don't know which one is for which.
gluck-97	DB: Right.
gluck-98	LG: So all that stuff I hate.
gluck-99	DB: Yeah, it's such a daily part of life now. We all dislike it, and when it's new to someone, you also kind of realize how awful some of it is.
gluck-100	LG: I like the adventure of the mail and I like watching a lot of television. And when I had bronchitis this winter it was wonderful, because there it was in bed with me. I didn't have to go anywhere. I didn't have to sit in a chair.	[00:28:50]
gluck-101	DB: You had it all right there. And you had endless stuff too, right?
gluck-102	LG: Yeah.
gluck-103	DB: You have Netflix?
gluck-104	LG: Everything.
gluck-105	DB: Oh, okay. You're set.
gluck-106	LG: Yeah! And I have another thing—I own Breaking Bad. Because I didn't want to wait for the last season.
gluck-107	DB: Yeah, it's worth it. That was a pretty intense season.	[00:29:30]
gluck-108	LG: Yeah. Once Gus died, the real spine went out of the show, in my view. But I loved it. I loved that show.
gluck-109	DB: I did too. We just finished that one.
gluck-110	LG: Oh yeah?
gluck-111	DB: Not too long ago, yeah.
gluck-112	LG: What else have you liked?
gluck-113	DB: TV-wise? [To Kristin] What are we watching now?
gluck-114	KRISTIN: The Americans.
gluck-115	DB: The Americans is very good.
gluck-116	LG: Is it good?
gluck-117	DB: Yeah, that's a very good one.
gluck-118	LG: Have you seen Friday Night Lights?
gluck-119	DB: I've watched some of Friday Night Lights, but [to Kristin] you've never seen it, right?
gluck-120	KRISTIN: No.
gluck-121	DB: We need to do the whole thing.
gluck-122	LG: You have to start from the beginning.
gluck-123	DB: Yeah. I did it several years ago.
gluck-124	LG: I loved that. I watched that at Stanford this year and I thought it was going to take me five seasons. I thought, "This is going to last me the whole of my Stanford experience. It's going to be great." And I finished in about two weeks, but then I didn't want to watch anything else. It's like when you read a really marvelous book. There was something about—I mean, I can watch things on demand—but there was something about the fact that I could do this anywhere. And if I went to a hotel, I could do it there. It was an amazing discovery for me. And I loved that show. I ended up watching the last season a second time. And then I still didn't want to watch anything else, so I watched the first season, and I was ready. But I have not found a new thing.
gluck-125	DB: Since then?
gluck-126	LG: Since then. Well, it's been a month.
gluck-127	DB: Have you watched The Wire?
gluck-128	LG: Oh, yes. I watched The Wire on TV at Frank's [Frank Bidart] house. Because he has equipment. He has lab-quality equipment.
gluck-129	DB: Well, I'll think of some other ones, for sure.
gluck-130	LG: Okay.
gluck-131	DB: Yeah, we should talk about it.
gluck-132	LG: Yeah, if you think about it, let me know.
gluck-133	DB: I'll let you know—we watch a lot of TV.
gluck-134	LG: Okay. I want a title for my book, and television recommendations.
gluck-135	DB: Okay.
gluck-136	LG: All right, moving along. So far this is a dud of an interview, isn't it? We haven't had any technical discussion.
gluck-137	DB: No, it's good though! It's good. It's about being a person. I've got to kind of adjust on the fly, here, but I think I'll just skip these. Because you don't really write poems on the iPad. You never have them in digital format until they go to your publisher, essentially. And then they will—do you know how they do it?
gluck-138	LG: I send them a typed script, which is kind of harrowing because then I have to proof the digital and be sure there haven't been mistakes. And there are always huge mistakes. I could pay somebody to do it, but it would still be the same problem of having to proof it. I imagine that I'm stuck with that for life, because I cannot imagine typing poems on that board.
gluck-139	DB: So when you send it to FSG, and then someone types—or do they scan it? I mean, do you know how they do it?
gluck-140	LG: No.
gluck-141	DB: Okay. Because I mean, there are ways they should be able to do it—
gluck-142	LG: I can tell you who would know if you want to ask.
gluck-143	DB: Yeah?
gluck-144	LG: Do you want?
gluck-145	DB: Maybe. I don't know.
gluck-146	LG: All right.
gluck-147	DB: I'm just interested—once they do that, then they send it back to you and you make sure that everything is right? I mean, you go back and forth with them with the proofs for quite a bit, right?
gluck-148	LG: Yeah, right.
gluck-149	DB: I remember when I was a student. I think you had—would it have been Vita Nova or Seven Ages you were working on?
gluck-150	LG: I don't know.
gluck-151	DB: You were telling me how you were reading it backwards.
gluck-152	LG: Oh yeah. I still do that. It's horrible, and you need someone to help you.
gluck-153	DB: Right. And your poems are fairly memorized? Almost all of them?
gluck-154	LG: Lots of them.
gluck-155	DB: And especially when you're working in the book—like when you're going back through—you're hearing it?
gluck-156	LG: Your eye makes substitutions, so unless you read it out of order—i.e. backwards—you're going to be doing that.	[00:33:42]
gluck-157	DB: Okay. That was the first section, but there's not much to it because it's mostly digital. But then this is more practice. So I've kind of delineated the writing process into kind of a three-step sort of thing. So there's the composition, there's the revision, and then there's the sort of the organizational-archival point. And that's just my kind construction for this interview. If that doesn't make sense to you, we could talk about it in different ways.
gluck-158	LG: It's fine.
gluck-159	DB: I have kind of like the beginning questions, which are kind of to give us an idea about the arch of your career. And this question I'm sure you'll love: How long have you been writing professionally, would you say?
gluck-160	LG: Well, I was trying to write professionally—I've been writing since I was a child. And I had a very high opinion of my early work, so I was sending books out to publishers in my early teens.	[00:34:29]
gluck-161	DB: Oh really?
gluck-162	LG: Well, they were uniformly rejected. But I did have that intense dream, and I developed—as anybody has to—a very tough skin. I mean, I had enormous vanity, so every time one was rejected, it didn't matter that I was 15 years old. I thought, "I'm never going to write better than this. This is the climax of my vision and no one wants it." That was hard, but I continued to send things out, and when I started working on what became my first book, I was in my late teens. And from the time I was, I think, 23, until it was published, I think, when I was 25—something like that—I had, I think, 28 rejections. A lot, but I had some poems in magazines. But all of that was in place by the time I was, probably, 12.
gluck-163	DB: That sort of the ambition and drive?
gluck-164	LG: Yeah. And then there were long periods of not writing at all that were harrowing—and continue to be harrowing—and I had different mechanisms for trying to get through them. The greatest discovery was teaching, Because I finally learned after the first really lengthy—this is completely off the track of where you want to go, isn't it?
gluck-165	DB: No—my next question is "Describe the arch of your career," so this is pretty much—
gluck-166	LG: Oh all right. Well, the first time that that happened—when the first one had been published—I had pretty much done what was in me to do. I had also evolved a style in which there were no complete sentences. There were just little bullet-like fragments. And every time I thought to write, I could no longer make the sentence so it was going to be grammatical. I could no longer, it struck me, write a sentence. So I realized, there was something about that particular wall that I had hit that had to do with syntax. And I thought, "I have to write poems—like Milton's sonnet on this blindness—that are all one sentence, or as close to that as I can manage." And I couldn't do it. I couldn't do anything that approached it, and I couldn't, at the same time, write fragments anymore.	[00:37:00] DESCRIBE THE ARC OF YOUR CAREER
gluck-167	LG: The more I couldn't write, the more I repudiated the world. I thought that the problem was that I was too worldly, too involved in the world, too diverse in my interests, so I became more and more hermetic and dedicated. I would sit at this—I was living in Provincetown for part of this time in New York City—and I would sit in Provincetown at a very beautiful desk that was made for me by my photographer boyfriend with all of these marvelous objects to gaze at, and it was just horrifying. And, you know, on a good day, I would write an article—"The." And on a really good day, there would be a noun—"Tree." But I couldn't get beyond that, and I thought, "I have not consecrated myself sufficiently. There needs to be more foreswearing."
gluck-168	And I had a bed-of-nails kind of life—just sitting in the sort of "soup" of my failure for a year. During that time, I had one or two teaching job offers. In those years, it was very much easier because economy was different then, you know. There weren't all of these MFA programs. And especially if you were female. I had a book out, but I don't know that I would have gotten a tenure-year track job given my spotty education. But I had these offers, and I kept saying, "No, no, no, no," because poets shouldn't teach! I mean, there was that long list of things poet shouldn't do. They should never have children. They shouldn't teach. They shouldn't go out in the world. They couldn't eat. But finally, I was invited to do a colloquium in Vermont. And I hated Provincetown, but I didn't know how—I didn't want to just begin moving in a sort of pin-the-tail-on-the-map kind of way. I was making my living as a secretary, and I could have done that anywhere in that period, but I thought, "I'll just stay here until the future presents itself."	[00:39:27]
gluck-169	So I went to do this colloquium, partly because John Berryman was there and he was a hero of mine, and I wanted to be able to pay tribute to him. I wanted to say, "You are a great artist and I salute you." Which I did get to say, but he thought I was just, you know, [a chick on the make?]. I didn't know how to say to him, "You don't understand—I've never said these words." In any case, I realized about the minute I got to Vermont, I thought, "I'm supposed to live here." I just instantly loved the place. It was a four-day thing, and there were all these English teachers at Goddard College—a hippie institution with a naked dorm and things like that—and they said, "You should come here and teach." I thought, "Why not? I'm not a poet. I have to face this disastrous fact and make a life." So I said yes. And of course they weren't empowered to offer me a job. They were just drunken English teachers who liked me.
gluck-170	But by then, I had had a sort of epiphany, and I corresponded with two of those people who are my still oldest, dearest friends—Ellen Voigt and prose writer Kathryn Davis. Three days before the semester started, there was a job cobbled together for me for one semester, and I moved to Vermont and I got a room in a rooming house with a bathroom down the hall. The minute I started teaching, I started writing again. I still feel about teaching that it's the most miraculous thing I've ever discovered, because I can't always write, and long periods go by and I don't write. But I can always teach, and I will always meet people who fascinate me and who are doing things, who have minds that go places my mind has never gone. And I won't find that stuff in books by dead people I'm contemporaries—new sounding stuff. It changes me and electrifies me, and to work on material that is still malleable—it was like the experience of working on my own stuff, but I didn't feel competitive. A lot of that was so strange, because I am very competitive by nature, but not with my students, and I wanted those poems to be as great as they could be, in my view. So, still, that has served me very well, especially once I discovered undergraduates, because I could know them for four years, and Williams was nirvana, you know. I got there and I thought, "I'd never been around such smart people." I was terrified, but I also was thrilled. And a lot of those years were years when I couldn't do anything, but then some of them were years when I was writing a blue streak. And it was never, "I teach one semester, and then I write," or, "I teach, and I write in between classes." No—I mean, if I was writing, I would write when I taught. In fact, after the experience in Provincetown at the sacred desk, I have a horror of the special place—the secluded cabin, the writer's retreat. I just can't bear them. I want to be without tools. I often have no pencil and no paper, so I have to borrow them or buy them. But I don't want to presume anything. If there's going to be a line coming into my head, that'll be great.
gluck-171	So the shape has always been periods in the desert—you know, without language—and then work. After I was 50, most of my books were written very fast. Like in six to eight weeks.
gluck-172	DB: Which book did that start with?	[00:46:42]
gluck-173	LG: The Wild Iris. After that, I thought, "I can do anything. I can fly planes." And I can remember my husband saying, "You are going to really hit the wall very soon," and he was right. I developed neurological symptoms. I had not slept the whole of that summer, practically, and one side of my face started twitching. And I had to teach that fall, and I remember sitting in class like this so that nobody would see that my face was—
gluck-174	DB: Oh, wow.
gluck-175	LG: The neurologist said, "I don't think this is anything. It will probably go away in a couple of months." Which it did. But every so often I think something like that could come back again, you know? I mean, it's weird to write that fast, and you don't have a sense of agency. It's very hard to revise, because you don't remember writing it. You just were sitting there, and then it was. The last two books—Village Life and the new one—were slower, but they were steady, especially Village Life. With the newer one, there were lots of moments when I thought, "This is never going to be a book. I don't know how to put this material together."
gluck-176	DB: If you could think back to before you hit this sort of stride where you were producing books very quickly, what was it like, say, writing House on Marshlands?	[00:48:40]
gluck-177	LG: Long. It took many years. I revised poems heavily and constantly. One poem, I remember, took two years to write—"For my mother." The opening lines—"It was better when we were together in one body"—I had those lines in my head for a really long time. And at the beginning, I felt very grateful, because I thought, "Oh, two really beautiful lines—this is going to be a poem. This is exciting. I have at least these lines to cling to." And then time went by and nothing happened—no other language attached to that little shard. So those phrases, that language, became a torment. It was the first thing I would hear in the morning and murmured in my head, and the last thing I would hear at night. But it was a chastisement, a torment—"You don't know what I'm for!"
gluck-178	DB: Right.
gluck-179	LG: And I tried to convince myself it was a haiku, you know? I thought, "Well, maybe it's just a very austere, abbreviated poem," but I didn't think that and nobody I showed it to thought that, either. So that took really a very, very, very, very long time to write, and had lots of different approaches, and ended up being a kind of collage of pieces of language from different old poems.
gluck-180	DB: During that time, you just were working on the one poem?
gluck-181	LG: I was for a long time, yeah.
gluck-182	DB: So there weren't other poems coming in and out at this stage? Is that traditionally how you work? It's just one poem, and then the next poem, and then you finish?
gluck-183	LG: Yeah, and then sometimes there will be a massive revision. One edition to an accumulating manuscript makes it clear how the thing should be ordered, and then you see you can make a lot of short, little changes in the other stuff because of this new thing. So some of the books are slower. The earlier books were revised much more—the later books, less. Though there were revisions in all of them, and though most of them preceded, at some point, rapidly from, I would say, Averno on, there were hiatuses. Averno was written in two fast periods.
gluck-184	DB: And is one October? Because that was such a good chapbook, and then—
gluck-185	LG: Yeah. I had "October" and I had "Prism," and I thought, "These two poems can't be in the same book. I mean, they are just complete opposites." Then there were two years when I wrote nothing. I haven't attended to this in recent years, but for many decades, I kept this chart of what I wrote and when, and each year would be written at the top of—no, the years were like that and the months were like that. And if I wrote a poem then I would write its name, and if I wrote nothing, I would write an X.
gluck-186	So when I got depressed, I would take this thing out and I would see all these lines of X's, and then at the end, there would be a little gust, and the little gust would be completely different from what had preceded the X's. So I began to be—I mean, "trust" is a little strong, but—I just figured this is how it goes with me. There's a period usually now after I finish something of being happy, because I don't have to write. I feel kind of on vacation, and I have a sense of secret pleasure because no one has seen it and no one has anything to say about it, but I love it and it's finished. Last year was such a happy year for that reason, because—[neighbor's dog barking in background]—that's on tape!	[00:53:07]
gluck-187	DB: I'll send you little clips.	[00:54:20]
gluck-188	LG: Yeah! I'll give it to them. They made me take my plants—I had this beautiful antique trunk in the hall with a Celadon vase of pussy willow.
gluck-189	DB: Yeah, I remember that.
gluck-190	LG: It's still foregrounded in my brain. Anyway—so all the rest of those poems in Averno were written after this two-year gap, and very fast. Really fast. And none of it figured out. I mean, I didn't have "Persephone," I didn't have any of the rigging. I'd been reading a lot of Henning Mankell, and I was trying to put an image from each of his novels in one of my poems.
gluck-191	DB: Oh, okay. Is he a mystery writer?
gluck-192	LG: Yeah, Swedish. I hate travel but I was—
gluck-193	DB: Is this the Nero Wolfe book?
gluck-194	LG: Nero Wolfe? No, that's different. That's Rex Stout. That was from much longer ago. No, Mankell is living.
gluck-195	DB: Okay.
gluck-196	LG: Swedish. Married to one of Ingmar Bergman's daughters.
gluck-197	DB: Wow.
gluck-198	LG: Yeah, and I think he's a genius. I love those books. I think he's a great prose stylist. I would recommend them. Start with One Step Behind, though. Don't start at the beginning, because the first book is not good, and you wouldn't read the rest.
gluck-199	DB: Okay.
gluck-200	LG: But very dreary, compelling. His detective plods ahead and he notices small things that don't make sense and turns them over in his mind, but he's not a fire brand, and he's not handsome. And there's a kind of dreary sameness to his days, but the books are fantastic, in what their notion of "triumph" is. Triumph is persistence, and then it turns into comprehension, you know. A pattern is revealed. I love them. So I was reading those, and I think something of his prose style crept into my poems. I don't know that another person would think that but—	[00:56:23]
gluck-201	DB: In Averno or—?
gluck-202	LG: In Averno.
gluck-203	DB: Did it transfer through into A Village Life at all or no?
gluck-204	LG: No. That was it.
gluck-205	DB: That was it. That was the book.
gluck-206	LG: Yeah.
gluck-207	DB: Okay. So you had your sort of first period of silence after Firstborn, and until you started teaching at Goddard, was it like that sort of repetition every time? I mean, if you finished a book, you had the pleasure, but then you also had the silence or—?
gluck-208	LG: Sometimes, yeah. With Marshland, there were a lot of silences.
gluck-209	DB: During the composition?
gluck-210	LG: It took about six, seven years. I mean, Firstborn was published in 1968, but it was finished in '66, and House on Marshland was ‘75. I was put in touch with Dan Halpern—who was starting Ecco—by Stanley Kunitz. Stanley said, "This young sport loves your work." I thought I don't want to have to send this out twenty-eight times, and so I thought, "I'll just go with someone Stanley recommends who loves it." So it was published pretty soon after it was done. So that was a very, very long period, but I feel as though Firstborn is just an artifact from another life, and that really my writing life began with House on Marshland. I think, you know, I can see how each book came out of its predecessor after that.
gluck-211	DB: What do you mean by that? Could you point to poems in the previous book that were harbingers of the next, or sort of turns of language? I know you speak in your interviews about how you go through and try to eliminate the language of the one book before you move on to the next.	[00:59:35]
gluck-212	LG: Yeah, but even in that sense, certain stylistic tics you try to recognize and prohibit—the way I tried to prohibit fragments—they seem like the work of the same person on some sort of journey. I try to make them as different as possible.
gluck-213	DB: I'm interested in what the work of doing that is. I mean, is it that you've just lived with these poems so often that you recognize immediately what the stylistic tics are and that they are easy to do? Or is it that when you read through the book and it's finished, you're like, "Oh I see that, and I see that, and these are the things that I need to really work on eliminating."
gluck-214	LG: I never see it when I'm working on the book.
gluck-215	DB: Yeah, which should be probably suffocating.
gluck-216	LG: Yeah. And so it's only afterward I think, "Well, I can't do that again." And then sometimes you see things like, "Isn't it odd? I've never used a contraction. Ever," and then you think, "Well, I guess I have to figure out how to use a contraction." And that becomes a whole—well, what you realize is that that's quotidian speech. That was what I hadn't used, and so then in order to use contractions and questions, the Delphic voice evaporates, and the human is introduced in its place. That was a hard moment, because a lot of people who admired my work admired it for exactly the thing that was now no longer present.
gluck-217	DB: What period was this?
gluck-218	LG: Triumph of Achilles.
gluck-219	DB: Okay. So coming in Triumph of Achilles, that was one of the tics? Or that was one of the changes that was being made?
gluck-220	LG: Yeah.
gluck-221	DB: Right. So Triumph of Achilles to—what's the next one?
gluck-222	LG: Ararat.
gluck-223	DB: Ararat and then Meadowlands, and then The Wild Iris.
gluck-224	LG: No, other way—Wild Iris, Meadowlands. It's okay. You're pretty current.
gluck-225	DB: I'm pretty close. I've been reading the collected and it's so interesting to kind of like move through time as you're moving through. How did you feel about that, I mean, by publishing the collected poems?
gluck-226	LG: Oh, it surprised me, because I always thought it was a terrible idea. Well, first of all, it's not the collected, and I didn't think of it as that. But it's fifty years of writing. I was initially appalled—and then amazed—at its size, because I thought it would be about three hundred pages long. But then when Miranda said, initially, six hundred and eighty-eight, I said, "No one will buy this! We have to squeeze it. It has to get littler." I thought it was a valedictory gesture. I thought it was suicidal to do. Most of my life, I was repelled by it in principle. The idea of doing it myself was horrifying. I mean, I never read my old books. I have no reason to. But at some point, I had to do something from a bunch of books, where I had to do reading, and I was asked to do more of that. So I was reading through the books, and I didn't hate them. I mean, often, once you finish and you're euphoric, then pretty soon you feel a sense of humiliation and shame. You just don't want to think about what you've just done. So then after that, you don't go back—you're trying to prove you can write by writing something else. Or, you know, the book gets horrible reviews and you have this feeling of "I'll show you. You wait. I'm going to knock your pants off," and of course the people's pants don't come off. But I was reading these old books, and I liked them. I was proud that I wrote them. I remember a couple of years ago—I sometimes do Tarot readings with Dana Levin. Dana's sister is a professional clairvoyant and Dana is very good with cards, and I trust her greatly. So we were doing one—I guess I had done the cards with Dana, but then Dana's sister, Karen the clairvoyant was visiting her, so we had a three-way conversation on my birthday for a birthday present about the reading. Karen asked me questions sort of the way a shrink does, you know, leading questions. She said, "What have you been thinking about?" I said, "Writing." Somehow, it came up that I was very frightened by this pleasure that I was taking in my old work because I feared it meant I would do no new work. Karen said, "I think you have to embrace that. I think that's"—she didn't use words like "path," but, you know—"that's what you have to do. You can't pretend that you're not feeling it. You just must follow that feeling and see where it leads."
gluck-227	LG: So where it led was to a readiness to see these books all put together, which had been proposed earlier. In fact, I was contractually obliged to do it, but I would never have been pressed. And there was always the problem of the fact that Ecco owned most of the books, and Dan Halpern resented—for a very long time, possibly still continuing this moment—my switching publishers, which I did simply because it's interesting to be elsewhere. I missed the attention.
gluck-228	DB: With which book was it that you moved?
gluck-229	LG: Averno. It was a very inflamed parting, and for a long time, he wouldn't relinquish any of the books he owned. So none of that was possible, but it was fine, because I didn't want it. Then, somehow or another, that was all negotiated, and I did want it. I found it invigorating and generally a very pleasant thing. It made me feel I didn't have to do a big square thing anymore. Anything I did was gravy. And I really like this new book. It's not like anything else that I have done. It's sort of surreal. It has got prose poems in it.	[01:07:24]
gluck-230	DB: That's going to be a shocker.
gluck-231	LG: I don't think people are going to like it, or understand it. I think of it as very kind of lighthearted, or with a kind of—well, there's a lightness in it, a kind of casual, shrugging bravado that I like. It's not beautiful like certain of the lyric books. But a lot of people think it's terrifying, because a lot of it is about the end of time. But it's not written as a struggle, and it's not written as capitulation. It's written as, "What do you know?" I mean, there are poems in it that are not unlike what you do, you know? That kind of scratching-your-head thing, but a kind of merry bleakness.
gluck-232	DB: Yeah, that's always a pleasurable place to be. Did you find in actually writing those poems that there was a different way—like physically—that you were going after them or anything else?	[01:09:48]
gluck-233	LG: Well, the last couple of books, I've written a lot of it longhand, which was a great surprise, because everything up until Averno was written on a typewriter. All of the composition.
gluck-234	DB: Including Firstborn?
gluck-235	LG: No, Firstborn was by hand, and then everything from Marshland to Averno was composed on a typewriter. It's one of the reasons that my papers are not valuable, because there will be pages with little scribbles, but usually I just put in a new piece. So if somebody goes through all of these typewritten drafts, unless the person happens to know my work intimately—
gluck-236	DB: Wouldn't know that.
gluck-237	LG: It just looks like a lot of typed poems with no author's hand apparent. I started keeping a journal when I had whiplash, because someone said, "You should start writing about what it feels like, because you'll discover that you're not in as much pain as you think you are." Ha-ha. I mean, I certainly was. But I started this notebook detailing my whiplash symptoms and the agony that they entailed. I always did it in bed at night, reviewing my day, and it became the most crucial piece of my day. That, and listening to the telephone weather forecast, which became Village Life. I figured that out, but it took a long time. So I would listen to the weather forecast, and then I would redial and listen to it again. There was this wonderful voice that would say, "Good evening, Boston," and you would realize that the same thing was going to happen to everybody. You weren't just selected specially to be rained on, you know? Everyone was going to have rain. And it was the first time I actually understood that everyone was going to have something. I mean, all those times I stood in the drug isles of the supermarket, thinking, "Louise, they can't have made all these products just for you. There's a market. Someone else is buying these things." And then I would think, "Yeah, they're buying them, but they only use half, whereas I need ten."
gluck-238	LG: But the weather did make that knowledge present. And meanwhile, I was writing my whiplash symptoms and I would get in a very spacey place, so I started making notes for poems. So as not to interfere or confuse things, I did the poems in the back of the book moving toward the middle, and my pain journal from the front, and then I'd start a new notebook. After the whiplash went away—surprise—there were many other things to complain about in daily life. So this sort of diary of grief, complaint, misery, fear, chronic anxiety—occasional nice things reported—but mainly, the book was sacred to that, and it was a real source of sweetness in my life. Even when I didn't have a bad day, or I didn't have any real pain or I wasn't sick, I felt that I owed it to the book to say the worst. So there would always be that, and then there would be these notes. So I have a whole bunch of these eerie notebooks, and I realized that it was working kind of well. Once I started working on the poem, then I would work on it the way I always had. Only a lot of it was longhand, and the lines were getting differently shaped. The advantage of that was I could also do it when I was commuting. So I had a car service in those years, and Averno was the first thing I did when I was at Yale. I remember working on the poems in the car, and then I would transcribe them into the notebook in the back. At a certain point, each one would have to be, there would be enough material so I had to play that on the typewriter and see how it looked in type.
gluck-239	LG: One fact of working on the typewriter that's either—I don't know whether it's an advantage or not, and I imagine for prose it would be. My prose writer friends all love the computer, but when I get to an impasse or an awkward line, I have to start over. So it's a new sheet of paper, and you have to do the whole thing again, and problems emerge in those retypings, like your fingers will hesitate over something you thought was resolved, and you realize it's not resolved. You realize you have to do something different.
gluck-240	DB: So you were kind of making those revisions in the actual transcription work? They were coming to you almost like a practiced feel of the rhythms?
gluck-241	LG: Yeah, your hands wouldn't type it. You realize something was wrong. Either the line was wrong in how it was lineated—which would be simple to resolve—or the whole trajectory of the poem was awry.
gluck-242	DB: And then you would have to go back and do more.
gluck-243	LG: Yeah.
gluck-244	DB: At that point, would you do more work in the notebook before you went back to the typewriter?
gluck-245	LG: It varied. Then what would happen would be I'd have these typewriter sheets, and I would start working on them, but in the same timeframe.
gluck-246	DB: Okay, so back and forth.
gluck-247	LG: Yeah. They cancelled the weather report, by the way, because of the omnipresence of that.
gluck-248	DB: Absolutely.
gluck-249	KRISTIN: I have to go feed the meter.
gluck-250	DB: Okay, great. Do you have a visitor pass? We parked with a car.
gluck-251	LG: Yeah.
gluck-252	KRISTIN: Sure, I can move closer.
gluck-253	DB: That would be easier and then you could just park right here and then we can give it back to her.
gluck-254	LG: Make sure you're in a legal place.
gluck-255	KRISTIN: Yeah, as long as it is in the permit parking.
gluck-256	LG: Yeah.
gluck-257	KRISTIN: Thanks.
gluck-258	LG: That won't work.
gluck-259	DB: Were there any other things like the weather report for any other books? I mean, did that ever happen before? Were there any sort of other—?
gluck-260	LG: It was Village Life, really, that was—
gluck-261	DB: No other books had like something like a ritual to which you were responding in some sense?
gluck-262	LG: Well, Wild Iris was the garden. I had been reading garden catalogues for two years. I had two years of writing nothing, and all I had read was garden catalogues. Plus, I'd seen when I first moved to Vermont the clairvoyant, who told me I would write five books, and I had written five. Ararat was the fifth. I thought, "That's it," and I thought, "It's obvious, because there's no beauty in Ararat. It's just the whole lyric gift is dribbling away. I read garden catalogues and listened to Don Giovanni for two years, and I thought, "I'm brain dead. Of course I can't write."	[01:18:55]
gluck-263	DB: And that came in a burst, like in February or something?
gluck-264	LG: No, it was Summer. I started walking around the garden, which had been the only thing that I did. And things were coming out of the ground and I thought, "I'll try and write something about a flower."
gluck-265	DB: Now we have an idea of handwriting to the typewriter and what not. What was it like when you were just typewriting your poems? Would you sit down at your desk or wherever—I mean, the typewriter is kind of a wieldy thing. You have to be one place, wherever you were.
gluck-266	LG: No—it would always be episodic, and it didn't have to be MY typewriter. For example, I remember when I was working on Vita Nova, I remember writing some of those poems on an airplane. I wrote two on one transcontinental flight, and then I got to Irvine and I had to borrow a typewriter. But that was possible. And then I had to work it out on typewriter. But at that particular point, I was really on a roll. Everything was turning into a poem. So I felt I could be anywhere, and I could write with anything. I could write with food coloring.
gluck-267	DB: Charcoal.
gluck-268	LG: Yeah, and I could make actually very crude, like, power points, and I would know how to assemble them.
gluck-269	DB: Oh that's fantastic. So when you're in that sort of stage, are they just coming to you? Are they coming from overheard statements? Or it's all just there, and you're just kind of waiting to release it?
gluck-270	LG: It's nothing overheard. It's just some weird brain corner that suddenly you have access to, and it's like a temporary shelter—it exists for a very short time, and it's not like you think, "I could go back there." You just think.	[01:21:58]
gluck-271	DB: Do you see any patterns—now that you've had these experiences happen again and again—that sort of anticipate your getting to where that brain corner opens up, or is it mysterious?
gluck-272	LG: No, it's always mysterious. And the last two books have been a little slower in what I felt was a good way, because the stamina called for in that other kind of composition is so extreme. Plus, you don't get a very prolonged experience of immersion. You get a very intense, fast hit, but I really liked the feeling that I had. It was like writing a novel. In Village Life, I had this sound to go to that was like a place and it was accessible. I could get there. It wasn't like this special trick pony. It meant that the composition was a year, which still seems pretty fast, but it's not as fast as six weeks. That was Vita Nova. That was the fastest.
gluck-273	DB: Six weeks was the fastest. How long was Wild Iris?
gluck-274	LG: More like nine weeks, but there were three poems that were written the year before. They just were crap, but once I wrote The Wild Iris, once I wrote the bulk of that book, the crappy poems didn't seem so crappy. Did you know Elizabeth Langston, David and Meredith's daughter?
gluck-275	LG: Did you know David and Meredith at all?	[01:24:29]
gluck-276	DB: No.
gluck-277	LG: You didn't take a classics class? Well, she's my godchild, and she was, at that point, very little. This was in a period where I was writing nothing, and I said, "Elizabeth, give me a title, or a first line." And I thought, "If Elizabeth asked me to write a poem, I'd have to do it." And she did, and it got used.
gluck-278	DB: What was it?
gluck-279	LG: Red Rose on a Lowly Vine. It didn't get called that, finally, but it was a little song-like valentine of a poem. But then, I mean, if it looks to you like that's your output for two years, it's bad.
gluck-280	DB: Yeah.
gluck-281	LG: But it had a place in that book. Wild Iris was the first book I wrote fast, but it had these three weak-ish poems that became absorbed into it. So I don't know what will happen now. I imagine I'll descend into some abyss and then it's just the question of how much more you get to do. I'm still feeling surprisingly happy with my last one, and I know that until I hate it, nothing is going to happen.
gluck-282	DB: How long have you been finished with it?
gluck-283	LG: It will be a year in September. So it's still a baby.
gluck-284	DB: So, you have a kind of final sense of finality for these things—do you have like a physical sensation when that happens, or is it that your brain stops moving in that direction, and it's off?	[01:26:37]
gluck-285	LG: Well, you can sometimes have that, but it isn't finished.
gluck-286	DB: Okay.
gluck-287	LG: I mean, that has happened to me a number of times. It always means that there's something that isn't written yet, even though you just can't imagine what it is. Meadowlands was like that. I thought, "I can't write another of these." But it was clear. I was good at putting books together, and I can figure out what each body of work seems to need, but there was no way to put that together. Something was missing, and I thought it was probably some more sonorous tone, but it wasn't that. It was Telemachus was missing.
gluck-288	DB: Oh okay.
gluck-289	LG: And I wrote those poems in, I think, 10 days, and then it was a breeze. I mean, the whole thing came into place.
gluck-290	DB: I like that book.
gluck-291	LG: I like that book, too.
gluck-292	DB: It's very funny.
gluck-293	LG: It's very funny, I know. I think it's a scream. And I like that. I mean, I like tonal variety a lot, and I like it in what I read. But I think with the last two books—I drove people crazy with Village Life, because I had maybe four hundred different orders, and they were all not right.
gluck-294	DB: I could see that being difficult to put together.
gluck-295	LG: I knew where I wanted to start. I knew where I wanted to end, but—
gluck-296	DB: In between?
gluck-297	LG: I think it was a matter, too, of something needing to be added.
gluck-298	DB: Did you learn how to put together books like this? What was your education of that sense?
gluck-299	LG: We learn from the material, and I think I learned from students, too. I think that I'm a very good editor. I always felt if I had stuff on the page, I would have some good instincts. I mean, if there was anything to be gotten out of that material, I would find it. So, a sort of sense of being able to put to use the most pathetic, limited samples of language. But if you just give me some words, it doesn't matter how bad they are—I can do something. And I felt the same about manuscripts. I thought, "If there's a way to put it together, I'll find it." My own books and other people's books, too. I mean, in a way, I'm sure I drive some people crazy because I just look at their manuscripts and I say, "No. Just leave it all to me. You're doing this terribly."
gluck-300	LG: I was that kind of a mother, you know. I would say, "Don't feed yourself, really. You just don't know how to do it. You sit—I'll feed you." People don't like that, and it's also possible that one could be wrong, or that there could be something I miss. But I think it was something that you learn when you write very slowly. You don't have a huge outpouring—you have a small amount that you have to make go as far as you can, so you learn how to move the parts of the poem around. You learn how to be an editor out of a sense of lack, and from that grows a capacity to organize disparate things into something that has a sense of dramatic shape.
gluck-301	DB: And that sense of dramatic shape—is that your intention for most of your collections?	[01:31:38]
gluck-302	LG: I want the books to seem like that, but it's not as though when I'm working on them I know what it is. I pretty much don't.
gluck-303	DB: When do you get that sense?
gluck-304	LG: When I'm starting to put it together. And then you start seeing these weird overlaps and resonances and echoes that you hadn't planned. Proofing my new book, I see the strangest parallels and language recurrences that—I mean, you could say yes, you have a limited vocabulary and so of course there's going to be a recurrence of these words that you use, because you still remember them—but it's like dreams, you know? Somehow, the mind is making an organization that is beyond what the comprehending or apprehending faculties take-in, initially.
gluck-305	DB: So when you're working just on an individual poem and you're revising it, what's the mode there, when you're going back? Are you deleting, are you substituting, or—whatever the poem needs—you're in service to it?	[01:33:07]
gluck-306	LG: Yeah. I mean, if I can tell myself that a poem can't be made with just deleting things, that's great. That's two for the price of one. You get the deleted lines—if they're any good—to use somewhere else, and you get a poem. But, oftentimes, you can't just delete. Often, you can take out everything that's weak and transitions that are obvious, but what you then wrecked is the feeling of duration—the poem has become to brisk, and needs to have a feeling of more languorous unfolding. So then that's a problem, because you don't know whether you're supposed to add in the places where you had material before, or were they the wrong places—was that part of the problem? But each poem is its own little task. You know, for a long time, it's a problem you haven't solved, and then it becomes something that you have solved.
gluck-307	DB: Is it the same feeling of finality that you have with a collection that you have with an individual poem? That there's nothing more to be done?
gluck-308	LG: Yeah. But also that it gives you pleasure, that you like the shape that it makes. And you like it better than you thought you ever could. So all these poems you just thought were so cumbersome and that there was no way they could be organized—you just didn't see it. Suddenly, you actually like them again.
gluck-309	DB: Has your mode of revision, has that changed at all over the course, or has it been fairly consistent?
gluck-310	LG: I'm sure it's quite different, but I wouldn't even know how to say. I mean, the poems are so different that it must be that the approach is different.
gluck-311	DB: Right.
gluck-312	LG: I mean, now, I much more like approximation. I like a sense in the poem of not the sort of honed, perfect bon mot, you know, the epigrammatic. I want more of a kind of speech—a sense of casting about for a phrase. I like that feeling. Human-sounding. Ruminative, rather than exalted. But, you know, I think of Averno as—the book has always seemed to me vertical, and some of them seem horizontal. Usually, they alternate, so there will be a kind of awe-to-despair book, followed by panoramic book. But the last two books seemed to me kind of spreading, though they're very different from each other. How many people are you going to do this with?
gluck-313	DB: Ten.
gluck-314	LG: Jesus, you'll be out of your mind.
gluck-315	DB: I know, it's okay. We'll see how it goes. You're number seven? Eight?
gluck-316	LG: Oh! You've done a lot.
gluck-317	DB: Yeah, I've done quite a few.
gluck-318	LG: Does everyone sound different?
gluck-319	DB: Yes. It's very interesting what people want to talk about. I've done people who know me and who don't know me, and so there's some wariness, and sometimes there's not. Sometimes the people who know me are more wary of the questions. Honestly, the questions haven't really been asked, but you've answered them without my asking them, so that's good. It's a good sign, I think.
gluck-320	LG: I hope so. Well, we could do it again if you don't have anything to use.
gluck-321	DB: No, I think there's plenty. So, when you're revising are you reading them out loud to yourself? Is it part of your craft as some of the other writers have said?
gluck-322	LG: I keep trying to make this point in poetry readings. I hear with my eyes. I mean, the experience of reading a poem—for me, with my eyes—contains an oral experience. And when I hear it, I feel angry. I feel that there's an obstacle between me and the it of the poem. And the obstacle is the reader, who is determining and deploying emphasis. Also, the form, which is turning a kind of web-like experience into a narrative—everything goes by once. And the argument made is, "Yes, but then you can't hear it." But I don't hear it when it's read to me, and I don't moderate to myself. I hear it in my head, though, and I hum it in my head.
gluck-323	DB: You can hear almost, like, musical notes, or tones?
gluck-324	LG: I can hear rhythmic structures. I remember with Meadowlands, I had this sense of the book—it was the only time I had this—I felt I had a whole book in my head. I just didn't have a single word. But what I had was rhythmic alternations. I had shapes that were clustered, and then some more open shapes—it was almost as though it was a musical line, and I would hear the rising and the falling. I would hear choral parts. I even tried to annotate it in some way so that I could follow it, but it was like a hum. I heard somebody say—a thinker of some kind, not a poet—something about the way a child learns speech lying in its cradle and hearing the shapes made by the speech that surrounds it. It doesn't understand words yet, but it understands. And for me, poems have been like that. I mean, I remember reading—when I was really, really young—not baby poems, but great poems. Shakespeare's songs. And I'm sure I had no idea what was being talked of—none—but I felt I was getting something out of those poems. I could hear "Fear no more the heat of the sun." I could hear the grandeur of that. The rhythm. I mean, somebody could turn it into an act of scanning the line, but that makes it so kind of plodding. But I did hear things that way, but with my eyes. I mean, my eyes turn what I see not into argument or a reasoned thing. A lot of that stuff I miss. What is the poem saying? I often have no idea. But I know how it sounds.	[01:40:03]
gluck-325	DB: Because sound's a sort of intelligent communication, too.	[01:42:56]
gluck-326	LG: Yeah.
gluck-327	DB: That's really fascinating.
gluck-328	LG: Well, I'm sure there must be a lot of people who write who have this. Who feel that sound comes to them visually.
gluck-329	DB: It's almost synesthesia, right? It's close to that sort of description, but it's not—not quite, really, but it's an interesting correlation.
gluck-330	LG: Yeah.
gluck-331	DB: I know you work with fellow poets on your poems, correct? I mean, you're sending stuff to certain readers, etc., but do you work on individual poems at individual times, or is it usually in a collection?
gluck-332	LG: Everything I write goes out. I want someone to look at it, preferably right away—like, now.
gluck-333	DB: And who are those people? Have they been the same people for a long time?
gluck-334	LG: They change. I mean, it's certain periods, certain people. Sometimes, you'll feel these poems—if they're ever going to be understood by anyone—will be understood by X. And you're usually right—when X says, "This won't do," you trust it, because the person is basically on the side of the work. Whereas if you show it to somebody who, from the outset, says, "This is just a disaster"—you know, it's too late to unwrite it. It's going to get written, and you could suppress it if you wanted, but... So, it's shifted. I mean, there are certain people who have been constant for a very long time. Kathy Davis has been stratospherically helpful, and I like working on her novels. I learned a lot from working on prose.
gluck-335	DB: What have you learned?
gluck-336	LG: You learn moving around much bigger pieces. I mean, Kathy's books—it's not so much a question of that. But there have been books where I've felt, "There are too many characters—these two could be conflated." Other times, I felt things were in the wrong order, or that too much time was spent on a particular thing. But with my former husband—who was a quite terrific prose writer—it was often a question of really moving around blocks of prose, the way you would in a poem. You'd move a line in the poem, but in prose, you would move a paragraph, or two paragraphs. So I learned it's like weight training. I could move bigger masses, and it was very useful. I mean, I don't think I would have written Ararat without that. And I think if I hadn't written Ararat, I would have stalled out as a certain kind of lyric poet.
gluck-337	DB: Right. I have some questions about why you chose not to use a computer.	[01:46:48]
gluck-338	LG: Well, I'm epileptic and I learned, but I didn't like looking at the screen. The early computers, it was said, were not good for epileptics.
gluck-339	DB: Okay.
gluck-340	LG: I didn't like it. I liked paper. I liked pages. I love typewriters.
gluck-341	DB: What do you love about typewriters?
gluck-342	LG: Doesn't everyone love typewriters?
gluck-343	DB: I don't know.
gluck-344	LG: I don't know.
gluck-345	DB: Is it a sound thing? Is it a feel thing?
gluck-346	LG: No. Actually, since burning my hand, I don't type anywhere near as well, because I don't have perfect feeling in that finger. But it was a sense of how, sort of slovenly, handwriting became form. I don't get that on the screen. I don't see lines on the screen quite the same way, and I don't feel as though I'm making the letter. Well, often I'm not—I'm making the wrong letter. But I don't know why I like it.
gluck-347	DB: But it has been such a consistent part of every book, I guess?
gluck-348	LG: Yeah.
gluck-349	DB: We get to skip all these computer questions—it's fun! So, you correspond with many people?
gluck-350	LG: Yeah. Well, I used to be a much better letter writer.
gluck-351	DB: Has that changed quite a bit, with receiving and sending out? Has that been computerized, or—?
gluck-352	LG: Yeah, it has changed a little. But long before I had my little red friend, I had stopped writing letters the way I once did. I mean, there was a period in my life when—even like ten, twelve years ago—I just wrote lots of letters to lots of people, and I loved getting letters back, and I loved writing letters. And then that stopped. I don't know why it stopped. But it wasn't because of that. What I have noticed with this [iPad] is I have, now, a correspondence with my first husband, with whom I would exchange letters every two years or something—very formal letters. Then there was a period in which he needed somebody to confide in who was far away, and so we had a little period of much more intense exchange. Very short. I saw him and met his current wife. I saw him for the first time in thirty-eight years last summer, and we liked each other. I thought his wife was just great. It's helpful to kind of substitute for a phone call when you don't feel like making a phone call, and it gives people a chance that they would have with a letter but not a phone call to respond when they are ready to and not have a moment forced upon them in which they have to react. So I have very happy thoughts about this, it just has nothing to do with writing. And then, I think, it was a big moment when I switched from longhand to the typewriter. Maybe it would be equally transforming to switch to a computer. But not an iPad. I mean, I would need a real keyboard. But I can't use a mouse still. I can't. When I see that little thing, it makes me very skiddish and upset.	[01:49:05]
armantrout-1	DB: And there we go with that. This could be a good set up.	[0:00]
armantrout-2	DB: Good.
armantrout-3	DB: So, three parts to the interview. First part will be kind of how you're working now, with the computer and back and forth—kind of a brief short-answer questions. This comes out of a survey a colleague of mine and I did with a lot of kind of emerging poets about three years ago. It was like an online survey just to see how people are saving and organizing their work.
armantrout-4	DB: So that will be kind of a couple of pages, but fairly quick.
armantrout-5	DB: And then we'll talk kind of more overarchingly about your professional career and about how the processes for you have changed, have not changed with. Some idea, you know, with some sort of focus on how the computer impacted that.
armantrout-6	DB: Then, we'll talk a little bit about the computer in general, and a little bit about correspondence and teaching, and ask a few plunk questions at the end just to see what you think about computers—which is such a large question—but it gets somewhat repetitive at times. So, if you think you've answered already, say, "Skip it," or you know, "Let's go."
armantrout-7	RA: About how long will it take?	[00:01:09]
armantrout-8	DB: It'll take about an hour and fifteen minutes.
armantrout-9	RA: OK.
armantrout-10	DB: And if, you know, need a break at any time, no problem.
armantrout-11	RA: OK.
armantrout-12	DB: So, yeah.
armantrout-13	DB: So, can we begin?
armantrout-14	RA: Sure.
armantrout-15	DB: If you wouldn't mind stating your name, your date of birth, and the location we're at right now.
armantrout-16	RA: OK. Ray Armantrout (1:29), April 13th, 1947, and we are at my home in Norman Heights, San Diego.
armantrout-17	DB: Alright. So, I'm going to first ask about how you compose currently. So what genres do you work in?
armantrout-18	RA: Mostly poetry.	[00:01:43]
armantrout-19	DB: Mostly poetry.
armantrout-20	RA: Once in a while I write an essay, but mostly poetry.
armantrout-21	DB: OK. And what kind of devices—what kind of computer devices—do you own or have access to for your writing?
armantrout-22	RA: Well, really just two. I have an iPad and I have a Dell computer upstairs.
armantrout-23	RA: Oh, and I have one at work, too. Also a Dell.
armantrout-24	DB: Do you use the one at work very often for actually writing?
armantrout-25	RA: Actually, no. So...
armantrout-26	DB: No, OK.
armantrout-27	DB: So, the operating systems are—you've got a Mac, and you have a PC?
armantrout-28	RA: Uh-hmm.
armantrout-29	DB: And do you work on one of these devices primarily?
armantrout-30	RA: Well, actually, I probably work primarily in this old school device called "notebook" where I, you know, fill pages with illegible text, and then once I start to think that my text is coming together, very often I'll do a version of it—just type it into the iPad. And I can show you. I'll send it to myself. Sometimes, I'll send it to my friend, Ron Silliman (2:54). And you know, I mean, I like to know how he'll respond to it—but it's also kind of a lazy way of saving a record of it.
armantrout-31	DB: Yeah, yeah.
armantrout-32	RA: Because I send it to myself, too.
armantrout-33	RA: And then once I've done that a bit, and I have several versions, I'll go upstairs and start working on the computer.
armantrout-34	DB: Oh, OK.	[3:13]
armantrout-35	DB: So, you've answered my next question—you're working between notebooks and digital devices—?
armantrout-36	RA: Uh-hmm.
armantrout-37	DB: —and is there ever a point where you print out the poem?
armantrout-38	RA: Oh, yeah.
armantrout-39	DB: OK. Will that be at a point, like, after you've reached your upstairs computer?
armantrout-40	RA: Yeah, yeah.
armantrout-41	DB: OK.
armantrout-42	RA: I mean, I've got—well, I don't know how many versions I've got that I could show—I don't know. Are you interested in seeing printout versions, versions on here of anything I've been working on recently? Because we could do that.
armantrout-43	RA: Let's see.
armantrout-44	RA: These...these might not be versions, but I could find versions. How do you want to do that?
armantrout-45	DB: Well, I think right now we can just talk about it and then at the end, I've got a camera, too. I can just take some pictures of that, and have it kind of as photographs—
armantrout-46	RA: Sure.
armantrout-47	DB: —which I think that's probably the best way.
armantrout-48	DB: So and then, how do you save your pre-writing, your notes there?
armantrout-49	RA: I have a bunch of these filling up my shelves. Right now, I have way too many. A couple of times, I've sold or donated my papers to archives including Stanford and also at UC-San Diego. And when I do, I also include these.
armantrout-50	DB: You include those?
armantrout-51	RA: Hmm
armantrout-52	DB: OK. How many? Do you have any idea how many you've probably gone through?
armantrout-53	RA: Hundreds.
armantrout-54	DB: Hundreds?
armantrout-55	RA: Maybe thousands.
armantrout-56	DB: OK. Do you always go for the same kind of size?
armantrout-57	RA: Yeah, pretty much.
armantrout-58	DB: Pretty much?
armantrout-59	RA: I'd like it to be able to fit in my purse because I take it with me, and sometimes I write at a café, or, you know, someplace out in the world. So, I want to be able to stick it in my purse—
armantrout-60	DB: Right.
armantrout-61	RA: —-riding the airplane, or whatever.
armantrout-62	So, it's nice if it's about this size, and it's nice if it's flexible.	[5:00]
armantrout-63	DB: OK.
armantrout-64	RA: And it's nice if it's not expensive.
armantrout-65	DB: Yeah, yeah because you have to buy so many of them.
armantrout-66	DB: So, in terms of your digital files, what format do you usually work in?
armantrout-67	RA: .docx.
armantrout-68	DB: OK, .docx.
armantrout-69	DB: As you're working in those formats, do you save drafts of the individual documents, or do you save over those drafts?
armantrout-70	RA: I mostly save over, which is not a good idea. But sometimes I have printed out drafts, and I save drafts. I probably do not save all of them, which is not great, but I save a number of them and then eventually, I'll probably give them to the library.
armantrout-71	DB: OK. And then you're emailing them back?
armantrout-72	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-73	DB: So, that's sort of a draft as well?
armantrout-74	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-75	DB: And what are your naming conventions for your files?
armantrout-76	RA: I just name it—I mean—whatever the title of the poem.
armantrout-77	DB: Whatever the title is?
armantrout-78	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-79	DB: And then if it's a draft?
armantrout-80	RA: I number them. Sometimes, I'll have, you know, "such-and-such a title one," "such-and-such a title two,"... But when it gets too confusing, sometimes I'll just erase the old ones. So, I'm not a very good curator of my own history that way.
armantrout-81	DB: Yeah? And you do save some paper copies of those drafts?
armantrout-82	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-83	DB: OK.
armantrout-84	DB: Do you back up your digital files any way?
armantrout-85	RA: Not as much as I should. I mean, I do have a back up on a zip drive, but I haven't backed-up for several months. So, I'm careless.
armantrout-86	DB: And then when you're sending these emails back and forth, is it like a Gmail or some sort of something like that?
armantrout-87	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-88	DB: So, you could go back and find them that way in some way?
armantrout-89	RA: Yeah, yes.
armantrout-90	DB: So, you're not using Dropbox or any other Cloud-based—?
armantrout-91	RA: No. I have Dropbox, but I am not using it for this. I'm using it for a class that I've been teaching with someone.
armantrout-92	DB: OK.
armantrout-93	RA: But, I could use it that way. I mean, it's something to think about.
armantrout-94	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-95	DB: As a digital archivist, I might have some suggestions. Do you ever have files saved in more than one location?
armantrout-96	RA: No. Well, the zip drive and the computer hard drive.
armantrout-97	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-98	RA: That would be it.
armantrout-99	DB: OK.
armantrout-100	RA: And paper. That would be it.
armantrout-101	DB: And then when you're finished with a piece, how do you—is there anything special that you do for that file?
armantrout-102	RA: No, I pretty much know which is the finest—the final version. And if I start to get confused, like I say, I just erase the others, which is probably a bad idea, but—
armantrout-103	DB: And then what about the final version—like the books and the journals—do you save those?
armantrout-104	RA: Well, what happens—this is what I do:
armantrout-105	RA: I'm going to take these out because these new papers are not very significant. Those are copies that I took with me to give a reading somewhere. So that's why they're loose.
armantrout-106	RA: But this is the manuscript that I'm working on now. These are really old-fashioned. These are called thesis binders. This one is all beaten up. But you can't really even buy them. You used to be able to buy them in stationary stores.
armantrout-107	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-108	RA: Lyn Hejinian (8:26) in Berkeley knows. I guess she has a whole bunch of them. I don't think even she can get them anymore, but she doesn't use them anymore and she has a big stack, and so, she sends them to me.
armantrout-109	DB: Oh, that's nice.
armantrout-110	RA: So, this is really old school. But the way I use it is, it helps me order—not only keep the poems for the manuscript, but I order the manuscript this way. I mean, I kind of decide what reads well by trying the poems out in different places—
armantrout-111	RA: —within this manuscript so that I don't do that thing you hear about writers doing about spreading the pages all over the floor, or all over the walls, or something.
armantrout-112	DB: Yeah
armantrout-113	RA: Because I've already been deciding as I went along by where I place them in this thesis binder.
armantrout-114	DB: OK. And so, will you be working on many poems at the same time?	[9:09]
armantrout-115	RA: No, not usually.
armantrout-116	DB: OK.
armantrout-117	RA: Almost never. I'm kind of, you know, obsessive when I start something. I just work on it until I finish it. I mean, once in a while I give up on something for a while and set it aside, and go on to something else, and then go back to it. But I'm not actively working on two things at a time.
armantrout-118	DB: OK. And so, just to be clear then, if you finish a piece, you would then go to your—you would print it out and then take it to this thesis binder, put it in a place where you think it may fit—
armantrout-119	RA: Yes
armantrout-120	DB: —with the rest that are working, and then once you have what you would—how do you know when you have a collection, then?
armantrout-121	RA: Well, it used to be that I had a collection when I had enough poems for a book, but it seems as
armantrout-122	RA: if I'm writing more now. So, I get to make some more choices—I get to cut things—cut a manuscript down, save some things for later. So, I get to make some decisions about how the poems work with each other and it's kind of intuitive	[00:10:00]
armantrout-123	DB: OK. Have you ever received or sought out information about methods for digitally archiving your work?
armantrout-124	RA: No.
armantrout-125	DB: No? OK. Those are the short answer. And I think we did cover kind of the "nuts-and-bolts" of your current practice, so that's good. So, in this section, we're going to kind of talk about sort of three areas of your writing talk about the different stages
armantrout-126	RA: Sure.
armantrout-127	DB: So, how long have you been writing professionally, is the question?
armantrout-128	RA: Well you know—for poets, that's a hard question.
armantrout-129	DB: Yeah. How long have you been—
armantrout-130	RA: Taking it seriously?
armantrout-131	DB: Yeah, maybe that's the better way of putting it.
armantrout-132	RA: Since I was a senior in college, really.
armantrout-133	DB: OK.
armantrout-134	RA: I think I had my first poem published in a national magazine shortly after I graduated from college, and then I just continued to publish in magazines. I had my first book was published when I was thirty, and I've been publishing books ever since. And I suppose that now you could say, or—hmm, when would it—? If by a professional, you mean somebody who actually makes money and has a reputation, I guess I've been in that category maybe for twenty-five years, or something.
armantrout-135	DB: OK, I think I should change the question.
armantrout-136	RA: For poets.
armantrout-137	DB: Yeah. Would you please describe, kind of, the arc of your career? Like where you started? I would say—	[00:12:34]
armantrout-138	DB: (Phone rings)
armantrout-139	DB: Wait for a second. If you need to answer that, it's fine.
armantrout-140	RA: Yeah, let me hear who it is.
armantrout-141	DB: Sure.
armantrout-142	RA: Probably I don't need to answer, but if it's someone I really want to talk to—
armantrout-143	RA: Bad timing.
armantrout-144	DB: It's OK.
armantrout-145	RA: It ought to pick up after this, or maybe they'll give up. Of course I didn't answer. It's probably a sales call anyway.
armantrout-146	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-147	RA: OK, what were you saying?
armantrout-148	DB: OK. So, if you wouldn't mind describing the arc of your career from when you started sort of seriously writing until now, just sort of a general overview. So, you know, just to start the interview.
armantrout-149	RA: Alright.
armantrout-150	I was interested in poetry since childhood. My mother read poetry to me. I wrote when I was a little kid, then I kind of stopped for a while. And then I started again in college and I was reading the poet Denise Levertov (13:37).	[00:13:24]
armantrout-151	Oh, and I—I grew up here in San Diego, actually, and then I went to San Diego State for two years, and I was reading the poet Denise Levertov. And then I transferred to Berkeley, and she was teaching there. So, I took a class with her, and through that experience, I met my friend Ron Silliman (13:56), who's a poet—the one I send poems to, who's still a friend of mine. And then I came back here, and then I moved to San Francisco to go to grad school and he was living there. And through him and also through the grad program, I met other poets. And there was—you know, San Francisco is a good literary town. So, there was quite a community of poets in San Francisco, and I eventually was friends with poets who became—came to be known as the "Language Poets" (scare quotes), the West Coast Language poets anyway, which would include Barret Watten, and Bob Perelman, and Lyn Hejinian, and Kit Robinson, and Ron Silliman and Carla Harryman (14:41), among others.
armantrout-152	And I went to a lot of readings series and participated in small press publications, and had a very active literary life—like I said, publishing magazines and journals—and
armantrout-153	my first publisher was someone that we knew there. It was called the Figures Press and his name was Jeff Young. And so, that book came out in an edition of a very small press—an edition of five hundred copies, which—I gave a lot of them away to my friends and such.	[00:15:00]
armantrout-154	And then at the end of the seventies (this was in the seventies) At the end of the seventies, I got pregnant and it just didn't seem like we were going to be able to keep living in San Francisco and raise a kid because, kind of like now—I guess it's more extreme now—but there was gentrification and yuppification going on then. And suddenly the rents were getting out of reach for us (especially if we had a kid, because you can't be so hand-to-mouth with a kid). And then my mother lived here and was willing to babysit and also Chuck got an offer of a job here that would have benefits and health insurance and all. So, we ended up back here. I was not very happy to come back here because then (and this is going to get to a topic that you like), then that was really isolating. Because that was before email, right?	[00:15:25]
armantrout-155	DB: Yeah, yeah.
armantrout-156	RA: That was even before I had a computer. So, it just felt like, you know, kind of falling off a cliff. I mean, there were some poets here and I got to know them gradually—Jerome Rothenberg, and David Anton (16:22), and Michael Davidson—but not that many people of my generation really.
armantrout-157	RA: So, I had lengthy correspondences actually on paper with the people back in San Francisco—not all of them but some of them. I can't believe it now, how much time we spent writing long letters out by hand, or typing them on typewriters.
armantrout-158	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-159	RA: It seems surreal now that everything goes so fast. I mean, who would do that? But we did. And so, some of those letters are in archives now.
armantrout-160	And meanwhile, I kept sending work out to journals. Lyn Hejinian (17:03) in the Bay Area had a small press and she published my second book which was a chap book called The Invention of Hunger.	[00:17:03]
armantrout-161	DB: And what press is that?
armantrout-162	RA: It was Tuumba, T-U-U-M-B-A. Kind of, you know, a letterpress. And then, my third book—which was my second full-length book–-was published by Burning Deck in Providence.
armantrout-163	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-164	RA: So, that was my first kind of, you know, outside my immediate coterie publication.
armantrout-165	DB: Yeah
armantrout-166	RA: Still a small press, but—
armantrout-167	RA: —and then I started publishing with the Los Angeles publisher Sun and Moon, who also published people like Lyn Hejinian and Charles Bernstein (17:50). You know, it was a very active press then. It changed—he changed it to Green Integer, and I do have a book out on Green Integer, too—but the focus became, for him, became more re-publishing classics that had, you know, gone off copyright.
armantrout-168	RA: So, about that time, fortuitously, I got picked up by Wesleyan. At that time I was already fairly well known, at least, in the kind of small press world. I'd been in some anthologies. But I think that being published by Wesleyan and having a selected come out with them in 2001 really kind of gave my career, so to speak, a boost, and things have just picked up since then including my pace of writing. So that, since 2001—
armantrout-169	RA: —well, in 2001, I published two books. I published one with Green Integer called the Pretext, and then the selected with Wesleyan, which was called Veil. And then in 2004, I had Up to Speed. In 2007, I had Next Life. In 2009, I had Burst. In 2011, I had Money Shot. And then in 2013, I had Just Sayings.
armantrout-170	RA: So, yeah.
armantrout-171	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-172	RA: A spurt.
armantrout-173	DB: Yeah, that's great.
armantrout-174	DB: And then during that time, were you supporting yourself by teaching, mostly?
armantrout-175	RA: Yeah. When we first came down here, Chuck was one of the managers of the bookstore at San Diego State, and I got, about a year after we got here, I got a part-time teaching job at UC San Diego. At first, it was kind of on and off, and then after that, it was regular but adjunct.
armantrout-176	RA: I did that for many years. It wasn't until the early 2000s that I got a, you know, "real" tenured job at UCSD.
armantrout-177	DB: OK. So, I guess, we want to kind of move in to talking about the different "spots" of processes for you and how it changed over the course of your career. So, in terms of like when you first started writing seriously and were kind of doing the pre-writing, the generative work for these poems, how did that look? What was the process for that?	[00:20:00]
armantrout-178	RA: Well, I think, I always used a notebook. You know, I couldn't tell you exactly what the notebooks looked like way back then, but I always wrote by hand. I think I wrote by hand then—I'm sure I did longer, took me longer to write a poem, and it also stayed in the hand-written phase longer because back then, when you left the hand-written phase, you had to go to a typewriter. You're too young to know about typewriters, but they were enormously irritating because if you made any mistakes, you had to either start over or put whiteout on it, or you know, etcetera. And then, you would make a copy. I mean, you would print it out and if you wanted another copy, you'd have to type it again. I mean, right?	[00:20:14]
armantrout-179	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-180	RA: So, I mean, there's a limit to that.
armantrout-181	RA: So, you would kind of just do without when you thought you had pretty much finished version. You might be wrong, but you know...
armantrout-182	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-183	RA: Still.
armantrout-184	DB: When you were working in the notebook, was it usually in a certain spot? Or could that be wherever you were? Was it just—
armantrout-185	RA: Well, it would—I did it a lot at home, but sometimes outside.
armantrout-186	DB: Outside. And was it something where you—had a line or an idea that then you would write down?
armantrout-187	RA: Yeah, I mean, I often start that way—then, and still, you know. I can—just something that I hear or see, sort of peaks my interest. It could be something I read, and I'll write down a passage, or I'll write down something I overhear someone say, or even on television, I could hear something that I write down.
armantrout-188	RA: And I kind of collect those things like a magpie until something starts to take off.
armantrout-189	DB: OK. And in the beginning part of your career, then, how—at what point would you go to the typewriter? Like when would you kind of feel like, "OK, this really needs to be typed?"
armantrout-190	RA: Well, I guess, when I thought it was good enough to keep and good enough to maybe send a copy to someone to see what they thought, either an editor or a friend. So, that's pretty far along.
armantrout-191	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-192	DB: So, would you—were you doing revisions within the notebook as well?
armantrout-193	RA: Uh-hmm.
armantrout-194	DB: And what type of revisions did it sort of start as? I mean, was it—would you just be crossing out and rewriting? Or would you—?
armantrout-195	RA: I don't know if I would cross out. I think I would just, you know, go to another page and rewrite.
armantrout-196	DB: OK. So, when did the computer start to enter in to this process?
armantrout-197	RA: Let's see. When did I first get a computer?
armantrout-198	RA: The first thing I got was one of those IBM Selectrics that was sort of computerized, where you could make—you could save, and make a number of copies. But shortly after I got that, I was able to get my first computer. So, that became sort of redundant instantly.
armantrout-199	RA: I'm trying to think what year it was. I mean, it was probably only...when did...you tell me. When did desktops with word processing become available? It wasn't a Word. It was like Word Perfect, or Word—
armantrout-200	DB: Word computers.
armantrout-201	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-202	DB: So, like mid-80's sort of?
armantrout-203	RA: Yeah, maybe—
armantrout-204	DB: —later than that?
armantrout-205	RA: —later, maybe. Yeah. I think I got that Selectric in the mid-80's, maybe, you know—I probably got the computer by the late-80's, and I don't think I got internet until—there wasn't internet that you could get until the early 90's, probably.
armantrout-206	DB: Yeah	[00:23:34]
armantrout-207	RA: It's incredible now, to think!
armantrout-208	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-209	DB: How did—so, how did that first computer come about? I mean, did you know a friend who had a computer and then go after that, or how'd you—?
armantrout-210	RA: Yeah. I think, again, Ron Silliman (23:56) who worked in the computer industry—he worked as a marketer in the computer industry—he had one. I mean, he didn't live near me at that point, but we were in touch and he had one before I did.
armantrout-211	RA: But I guess, you know, really, I mean everyone was getting it at about the same time.
armantrout-212	DB: Uh-hmm. So, you got a computer
armantrout-213	RA: I don't remember. I mean, I guess it was gradual. I still, like I say, work in notebooks but I am sure that I started going from the notebook to the computer sooner than I would have on a typewriter, I am sure. But I don't have a clear memory of it.
armantrout-214	RA: What I do have a clear memory of is how the internet changed things. Because then you could send someone something and say, "What do you think? I don't know about this last line, what do you think?"
armantrout-215	RA: I mean, you could have that kind of conversation.
armantrout-216	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-217	RA: And if you do that in a letter—which I did, but by the time you got the letter back you'd already made up your mind—	[00:25:00]
armantrout-218	DB: Right, right. So, in the early part when you were sending these by letters, you did that only a little bit and it didn't—how did you establish—?
armantrout-219	RA: I think I did. I mean, I would type something up and send it, usually to a couple of people—two or three people—and I would get responses back. But it certainly—I mean, now we're so used to kind of this instant dialogue, instant gratification. Sometimes I think that that's, you know, maybe that's why I'm writing faster now. Really, it is the stimulation of that.
armantrout-220	RA: Because I'm still not—I guess, I'm insecure enough that I'm not comfortable in saying something is finished until somebody has said that they at least think it's interesting. I mean, it doesn't always have to be Ron. Sometimes I send it to somebody else, but I have to have, like, somebody's approval—not a 100% approval but, like, somebody has to think, "Oh, this is OK"—before I'll put it in a book. So that's sort of an integral part of the process. So obviously, if you could do that and get an answer in a day or two, well, you know.
armantrout-221	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-222	RA: Right.
armantrout-223	DB: Right.
armantrout-224	RA: So then I decide, at that point, whether I still need to revise.
armantrout-225	DB: So, in the—like when the internet first starts coming and you start working, and kind of sending these things back and forth—was it just Ron Silliman (26:31) who was your kind of partner?
armantrout-226	RA: No.
armantrout-227	DB: Few more?
armantrout-228	RA: I use to send them to more people. Lyn Hejinian, at first, and Bob Perelman, at first, and Lydia Davis, the fiction writer—she's a friend of mine. And later, Fanny Howe, too.
armantrout-229	RA: Now, I mostly just send them to Ron, and once in a while, to Lydia. Very rarely to Lyn Hejinian, but still once in a while, like maybe twice a year.
armantrout-230	RA: So, kind of that number of people has sort of shrunk.
armantrout-231	DB: So you're looking for some sort of affirmation?	[00:27:05]
armantrout-232	RA: Yeah
armantrout-233	DB: Interesting, yeah. Do they give like specific line feedback? Or do they usually just give sort of—
armantrout-234	RA: Ron does.
armantrout-235	DB: OK.
armantrout-236	RA: I mean, it all—I could show you. This, I guess, is the kind of—my screen is dirty—kind of thing you might want to see.
armantrout-237	RA: So, let me go to my "Mail," and I'll go to my—
armantrout-238	DB: Sure.
armantrout-239	RA: —"Sent Mail," and you can see some of these.
armantrout-240	RA: Oh, this actually has to do with the internet.
armantrout-241	RA: I sent Ron a poem that mentions messages I was getting—it's actually in a poem from mileage.com—that I thought were funny. Well, so, Ron writes back. He said, "Not sure you need the Q and A at the end"—I had a sort of "interviewing myself" bit at the end—"Not sure you need the Q and A at the end, but other than the problems with the url"—he thought that since I was saying Mileage.com, which he says is a phishing site —he thought that, if that was ever published in an online journal, and somebody hit on it, clicked it, that I could be in trouble for that, which I don't know if that's true. He says, "You know that mileage.com is a phishing site. It sends malware to your PC if you follow through." And then I, at some point, wrote back. I said, "I don't do that."
armantrout-242	RA: So, you know, that's just some of the kinds of—so there I am, there I am sending something to him and having a correspondence with him.
armantrout-243	RA: Let's see.
armantrout-244	RA: Here I am sending something to myself, just to kind of preserve it. Same poem but it has a different title with that point—there is mileage.com lit up.
armantrout-245	DB: Oh, yeah!
armantrout-246	RA: Yeah, because it lights up if you—it doesn't on my computer, but it does if you do it on the iPad.
armantrout-247	DB: It does it in Apple.
armantrout-248	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-249	DB: Right! So, did you write that on your iPad?
armantrout-250	RA: Well, like always, I started here and I moved it to the iPad, and then I moved it to the computer—-but I was sending—I think I start writing—usually, I write in the morning, sitting over there. And I don't want to be running up and down the stairs, so then after I'll just go, "You know, this looks good enough to kind of type." So, I'll type it here. And if I don't yet feel like sharing it with someone, I'll just send it to myself because that's a way of saving it.
armantrout-251	DB: And that's when you could move it to your—
armantrout-252	RA: Yeah
armantrout-253	DB: —other computer?
armantrout-254	RA: Uh-hmm.
armantrout-255	DB: And so when did you start using the iPad?
armantrout-256	RA: Gee, again, I got an iPhone maybe three years ago, and I got the iPad maybe two years ago. I don't know. Time's a blur.	[00:30:00]
armantrout-257	DB: Okay. So—
armantrout-258	RA: It's an old one, though.
armantrout-259	DB: So it's been a couple years, two or three years. Did you ever work on the iPhone, too?
armantrout-260	RA: No, too tiny.
armantrout-261	DB: Too small of a typing format.
armantrout-262	DB: So then, back to the revision correspondence. Do you think that—why do you think that Ron Silliman (30:29) has kind of been the constant of all that?
armantrout-263	RA: Well, because he's very confident about what he says, first of all, and he's also very specific. He doesn't always say why he thinks what he thinks, which drives me crazy, but he gives me something to bounce off.	[00:30:33]
armantrout-264	DB: Yeah, and is he very prompt in responding?
armantrout-265	RA: Often. Not always. Sometimes it's right away, sometimes it's not for days, depends on how busy he is.
armantrout-266	DB: Yeah, and does he reciprocate? Does he send you things over?
armantrout-267	RA: He never has. He doesn't like to do that. Other people have.
armantrout-268	RA: So, you know, that's fine with me, but—he writes really, really long, kind of book-length things, and he doesn't revise much. He doesn't revise like I do. He just has a different kind of practice, and he seems to be very invested in his own certainty about things more than I am. But some other people will send me things. Lydia Davis sends me things and Fanny Howe (31:25) once in awhile sends me things.
armantrout-269	DB: And how did you kind of develop your revision process, from the beginning, I guess?
armantrout-270	RA: Well, I guess, I was just always looking for the best word, for instance, and it didn't always come to me right away. But also I will just get parts of things and I know that they're not finished, you know, and then I just try to see what can connect and I'll go one way, one direction and try to connect, you know, B to A. And then B doesn't quite connect to A, so then I'll go on to C and see if that connects to A.
armantrout-271	DB: And has that been pretty constant throughout?
armantrout-272	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-273	DB: OK.
armantrout-274	DB: Have there been any big changes in the way you've approached kind of pushing the poem to its finished state throughout the time?
armantrout-275	RA: Well, I bet there have, but you know, I was as much of a stranger to my twenty-four year-old self as you are, almost.
armantrout-276	DB: Well, you did mention, though, that with the internet and with email becoming more—giving more easily available correspondence—you did start to speed up in the work. And do you think that's the only reason, or do you think it also has something to do with maybe moving onto more of a national scene?
armantrout-277	RA: It could be that. It could be knowing that I have a supporting publisher. It could be just practice, you know, just that I have a better idea of what works now, you know—what works for me.
armantrout-278	DB: Yeah.	[00:33:00]
armantrout-279	DB: And I know you don't—I think in one of your other interviews you said you don't really have, like, any intentions in revising your work, but are there primary things for different pieces that you're driven by? Like, are some driven more by sound, some driven more by meaning, some driven more by connecting the parts to the whole or disconnecting the parts to the whole?
armantrout-280	RA: All of those things equally, you know. I mean, I am very interested in sound, and sounds—certain sounds can really bother me, or I could get stuck on one certain sound. So yeah, meaning is important to me, too. In terms of connecting parts because, as you know, if you've looked at my work, it often—
armantrout-281	DB: —in sections?
armantrout-282	RA: —in sections.
armantrout-283	DB: Yeah, absolutely.
armantrout-284	RA: And so, the sections might be written on different days; often are. And they often come from different sources or different inspirations, and—so then, the question is how they link in. And you kind of—at least if you're me, I shouldn't say "you", but "I"—want there to be some kind of possible perceptible connection, but I also want it to be surprising. I want it to kind of go somewhere that you didn't expect it to go, or that I didn't expect it to go. So, sometimes the first thing I come up with is too obvious and sometimes what I come up with is too random. It's like Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
armantrout-285	DB: Has that sort of looking for that surprising turn, or idea, been a constant throughout? I mean, has that been something that's been driving you since you started writing?
armantrout-286	RA: I've probably become more conscious of it, but I think so, yeah.
armantrout-287	DB: And how do—so, could you talk a little bit about how, as you say, a lot of your poems are in sections and how those sections kind of come to be a whole? I mean, could there be several different days, and then in between those different sections become different poems?
armantrout-288	RA: Sometimes that happens, yeah. I mean—	[00:35:00]
armantrout-289	DB: Is it just a—do you just start to see connections? Does it—?
armantrout-290	RA: Yeah, and sometimes I have an idea of what I want vaguely, but I don't know exactly where I'm going to get it or what the specifics are. But I—sometimes I have just a gut feeling about the direction that I want to go, and other times I don't, and then I just have to be surprised and just know that I want something and should keep my eyes open for it.
armantrout-291	DB: And do you—I mean, there's a certain point where you say within the emails that you get some sort of affirmation. But then personally, when do you feel like a sense of, "Oh! That's surprising!" Is there like an "Aha!" moment?
armantrout-292	RA: Yeah, sure.
armantrout-293	RA: Yeah, you have to please yourself first.
armantrout-294	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-295	RA: And I think one reason that I tend to send poems out is that I will be dissatisfied and fool with things forever unless somebody goes, "Hey, that's good."
armantrout-296	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-297	RA: I mean, I'll go, "Maybe it's not good. Maybe I should do something else." So, you know, I think that's why I need somebody to give me a kind of endpoint and say, "Cut it out now."
armantrout-298	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-299	RA: I mean, sometimes I know, but sometimes I can be insecure and just fiddle.
armantrout-300	DB: Right. And then I guess is there any way—do you, once the poem kind of reaches the thesis binder stage, is there any time that you start to see the ways those are working and go back and revise there? Or once it's there it's usually kind of off limits?
armantrout-301	RA: Well, I wouldn't say it's off limits, but I don't usually revise them, but I have. I mean it has happened that I've suddenly seen how something could be better and, you know, gone away from it, gone back to it and went, "Oh that could be better."
armantrout-302	RA: But I would say that's, you know, maybe one time in twenty.
armantrout-303	DB: So they're more rare.
armantrout-304	RA: Yeah.	[00:36:58]
armantrout-305	DB: And when did you start using the thesis binders?
armantrout-306	RA: Long time ago—maybe twenty, twenty-five years ago. They used to be easy to find, but now, like I said, they're antique—old school.
armantrout-307	DB: Yeah, and before, when you were first putting your first collections together, how did that work? How was that looking?
armantrout-308	RA: I might have had one even then. Because everyone used to. This is what used to happen. People—everyone used to bring these to a reading and just read from them. I don't even do that anymore because they're too heavy to carry. I just print them out. But that's what people used to do, so, everyone had one.
armantrout-309	DB: OK.
armantrout-310	DB: So we've talked about how the other people—
armantrout-311	DB: Is there any other role that other people play in the process of your revisions? Are there any other people that are important to those, to the kind of finding the finish pieces?
armantrout-312	RA: Well, I think not really except sometimes my editor gives me a little bit of guidance—not about individual poems but about the order of poems within the manuscript. I usually think I know, but sometimes she has a different idea that she runs by me and we consider that.
armantrout-313	DB: OK.
armantrout-314	DB: And then, sort of moving on to the organizational— what I call organizational/archival—and we've kind of covered some of this, but when you were first—so in the early days before the computers, when you kind of hit that, what would you say a final piece is? You'd send it out, would you also keep a printed page?
armantrout-315	RA: Oh, sure.
armantrout-316	DB: OK.
armantrout-317	DB: And that would be in—
armantrout-318	RA: In thesis binders.
armantrout-319	DB: —and how would you communicate with your publisher with those?
armantrout-320	RA: I suppose we had to communicate by snail mail, how else was there?
armantrout-321	DB: Right, and so you would collect those all—would you make a copy of it before you send it off?	[00:38:38]
armantrout-322	RA: Oh, yeah. I probably Xeroxed it. I mean, there were Xerox machines.
armantrout-323	DB: Yeah, OK.
armantrout-324	DB: And once things were published, and things, did you start to kind of keep an archive—and archive of your work at that point? I mean, did you have boxes with your papers in it even at the beginning, or did that start to come more gradually?
armantrout-325	RA: That came more gradually. I mean, I wish that I had kept my letters right from the beginning, because I had letters from George Oppen (39:10) and I had letter from Robert Creeley (39:12). It really took me awhile to realize that this was going to be worth anything.
armantrout-326	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-327	RA: It took seeing some of my friend—the way some of my friends took it seriously, like Lyn Hejinian (39:27), and organized things, and treated it as if it was all worthwhile.
armantrout-328	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-329	RA: But I didn't, you know, I didn't come from an intellectual family or background, and so it wasn't natural really for me, and I had to learn it.
armantrout-330	DB: I'm interested in that, and like how did—so, the lessons were just from watching them do that, or were they from the conversations? I mean, did you just sort of notice that Lyn Hejinian (40:00) sort of had, like, kept things better?	[00:40:00]
armantrout-331	RA: Well, I think at some point she sold her papers and I went, "Oh, people sell their papers and they get money." And also I would notice that she wrote letters as if she was writing for an archive. I mean, she would kind of give you the back story that you already knew, and I'm going, "What? Who is she talking to?" The archive!
armantrout-332	DB: I never thought of that as being one of the correspondents, but that's a good point.
armantrout-333	DB: Yeah, and so, I guess—
armantrout-334	RA: I still don't do that. But I think email has pretty much ended that for most people. Now, people just shoot off emails and so I don't know what's happening to archives.
armantrout-335	DB: Yeah, I know, right? I mean, is there any way you try to save your emails? Are there any that you—?
armantrout-336	RA: I have saved emails, and even printed them out and given them to libraries, but I just—I think Ron saves everything. So, everything I send to him gets saved. That's how I look at it. He's my archivist.
armantrout-337	RA: I mean, I only—you know, there's only so much space in my house.
armantrout-338	DB: Oh, yeah.
armantrout-339	RA: I know you can save things on your hard drive and give your hard drive to a library, but God knows what's on my hard drive. So, so far I've just—what I do now is, if there's anything that seems especially interesting or valuable, I'll print it out and keep it.
armantrout-340	DB: And did you—like when you first started writing the emails back and forth, and kind of like general correspondence, what was the sort of tenor of those? Did it still feel more like a letter? I mean, did you notice a gradual change?
armantrout-341	RA: Yeah. I mean, sure, letters were letters and—I should go look up my old letters. I could go to an archive and look at them.
armantrout-342	RA: Yeah, I think you would talk about various things—how your life was going and then you would say, "And by the way I wrote this" include it—but you would be catching up. Sure, now we catch up all the time, you know.
armantrout-343	DB: Right, so, kind of constantly. Are you on any social media things?
armantrout-344	RA: I'm on Facebook.
armantrout-345	DB: You do Facebook.
armantrout-346	RA: And I'm also on Twitter, but I don't tweet much.
armantrout-347	DB: Just follow whatever's going on?
armantrout-348	RA: A few things, yeah.
armantrout-349	DB: A little bit?
armantrout-350	RA: Yeah, but sure, I'm on Facebook and that's how I get some of my news.
armantrout-351	DB: Yeah, yeah.
armantrout-352	DB: Do you remember your first email? Or any of that sort of thing? Sort of nostalgic, but—?
armantrout-353	RA: I don't remember my first email. I remember that Ron said that I had "ramped up quickly." That was flattering, so I remember it.
armantrout-354	DB: Were you first given an email because of your work—because of UCSD? Was that your first?	[00:42:31]
armantrout-355	RA: No, I got it on my own and when my son was still living here, and he helped me set everything up. I mean, you know, he was probably fourteen or something. So that's why I have a really stupid—I mean, my university address—I guess you wrote me at my university address? Or did you write me—?
armantrout-356	DB: Yeah, I think both. You gave me the other one because you were traveling.
armantrout-357	RA: Which is really stupid because it's "RAEA100900." I shouldn't say that anything my son said was stupid, but he was only about fourteen and I guess he thought that was—I feel like I'm James Bond or something with that email address, but whatever.
armantrout-358	DB: Let me see here—
armantrout-359	DB: So, I mean, it seems to me like, in sort of talking about the progression, that the main difference—the main change—has really just been the kind of speed with which email allows you to kind of get to a point where you think things are solid enough for a collection.
armantrout-360	RA: Yeah
armantrout-361	DB: Is there anything else you can think of that really changed as technology changed, or do you feel like for the most part—not that the type writer and computer are the same—but that the relationship between the notebook and those sort of typing procedures were similar?
armantrout-362	RA: Well, I was never a great typist, so I was always making mistakes. So, it was always frustrating. Of course sometimes I hate my computer, too. I mean, it's not a question of the typing issue, but just—you know, we all hate our computers.
armantrout-363	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-364	RA: They're slow. Whatever. Sometimes I'm yelling at my computer, "What did you just do?" You know, it'll lose a document and I'll go, "What? I did what? It's gone!" You know?
armantrout-365	DB: Yeah.
armantrout-366	RA: So, I have kind of an adversarial relationship with it, but I use it all the time.
armantrout-367	DB: And if you lost something, then you would go back—what would be your first move?
armantrout-368	RA: Well, supposedly you can hit—I think it's CTRL-X—and get it back, but that doesn't work very well for me.
armantrout-369	DB: Would you go back to an email? I mean like if you—?
armantrout-370	RA: Well, if I sent an email, sure.
armantrout-371	DB: What does the revision, if it's just you on your upstairs computer, what does that revision look like? I mean, are you moving things around a lot or are you—is it more just sort of reading and then deleting and inserting new words?
armantrout-372	RA: Yeah, that would be it.
armantrout-373	DB: Mostly. Do you read them out loud to yourself?
armantrout-374	RA: Yeah, always.	[00:45:00]
armantrout-375	DB: OK.
armantrout-376	DB: When do you start doing that?
armantrout-377	RA: In the notebook.
armantrout-378	DB: In the notebook. And so—well, can you talk a little bit more about how that works? I mean, is it something that as you're writing the first line, you're reading out loud, or is it like you finish something?
armantrout-379	RA: I probably—well, in between—not the first line, but I'd probably have to have a few lines before I thought it was worth reading them out loud.
armantrout-380	RA: Let's see...
armantrout-381	RA: I should get to something bad that changed a lot, but then that would be embarrassing.
armantrout-382	DB: We're only being recorded by like four devices, so—
armantrout-383	RA: Yeah, right.
armantrout-384	RA: I don't know what to do here because the things that I start out writing change so much.
armantrout-385	RA: Let's see.
armantrout-386	I can get to a poem that's finished, and I can read a little bit from my journal that were the beginning of it, I guess.	[00:46:00]
armantrout-387	DB: OK, yeah, that'd be great.
armantrout-388	RA: OK, although the beginning is going to be very bad—
armantrout-389	DB: Give the rest of us hope!
armantrout-390	RA: —you can stand that. OK.
armantrout-391	RA: So, this is in two parts, and I think this part is working on—first of all, it's very hard to read my hand writing, even for me to read it when I'm looking back at something I wrote a while ago now.
armantrout-392	RA: That's bad.
armantrout-393	RA: OK, there is—is it okay if I read the poem, or is that a waste of time?
armantrout-394	DB: No! Absolutely.
armantrout-395	RA: OK, so, this is called "Particular:"
armantrout-396	RA: Rough, squat, bent, crabbed, cranky. A cranky person who is over enthusiastic about a particular topic. To be particular is to be choosy. A particle is a body whose extent and internal structure, if any, are irrelevant. You there, let's dispense with these properties of matter such anachronistic clothes as ghosts wear. Let's be mirrors, facing mirrors. Fall in love.
armantrout-397	RA: OK, so, here's some build up to that, which really doesn't sound like a poem at all. OK, this is embarrassing but:
armantrout-398	RA: To love, you show yourself willing to erase yourself. Make yourself blank together for a few moments—see, this is just prose—"in order to reflect the other." That ended up being, "Let's be mirrors facing mirrors. Fall in love."
armantrout-399	RA: Two cloudless skies, no earth between. The young do it best, now everyone has lost the trick of it. For love, they emptied—
armantrout-400	RA: —and then I guess I'm rewriting:
armantrout-401	RA: For love, they emptied themselves. Mirrors reflecting mirrors.
armantrout-402	RA: So, that gets a bit of that.
armantrout-403	RA: The young, two cloudless skies, nothing between. Not like us, condensed into these peculiar shapes. For love they emptied themselves—
armantrout-404	RA: —and this is starting over again:
armantrout-405	RA: —"until they're mirrors reflecting mirrors. The young unlike us, who have assumed these peculiar shapes, they forget everything until they're mirrors reflecting mirrors, the young open channels"—
armantrout-406	RA: —I took that out eventually
armantrout-407	RA: —"through which charges flow, not us. They forget everything until they're mirrors reflecting mirrors, they fall in love. The trick young can do, unlike us with our definite opinions and habits, these properties and mass change, spin"—
armantrout-408	RA: —so that gets to where I was talking about a particle is a body. So that's like subatomic, right?
armantrout-409	RA: —"its extended internal structure, if any are irrelevant, let's dispense with these properties of matter."
armantrout-410	RA: So anyway, here I'm starting to get in to that. "These properties and mass charge spin are like the clothes that ghosts wear." Well, that gets in to here, except there's no simile. It just goes:
armantrout-411	RA: Let's dispense with these properties of matter. Such anachronistic clothes as ghosts wear. Let's be mirrors facing mirrors.
armantrout-412	RA: You can see how some of that worked into that.	[00:49:28]
armantrout-413	DB: Yeah, absolutely! And then—so, it kind of moves, not quite chronologically, but sequentially, and it's not even a winnowing; it's an addition and subtraction, and addition—
armantrout-414	RA: Now this is stuff not even Ron Silliman sees because I wouldn't send anything that inchoate to anyone.
armantrout-415	DB: OK.
armantrout-416	RA: So, now, you're seeing something, you're hearing something, that nobody has—
armantrout-417	DB: Yeah. No, it's fascinating. And then so, at a certain point when you move to that, does that sort of stop in the journal, in the notebook?
armantrout-418	RA: Yeah.	[00:50:00]
armantrout-419	DB: I mean, in the next poem?
armantrout-420	RA: Once I move to this, then I seldom go back to the notebook.
armantrout-421	DB: OK. But then the next page, then, would be the next poem that you work on, essentially?
armantrout-422	RA: Yeah, unless I decide that, say, the last part of this is bad and then I might start over in the notebook.
armantrout-423	DB: And so the type of revision, then, that happens on the iPad—? I mean, it's not as easy to kind of move things around there. What usually occurs?
armantrout-424	RA: Fortunately for me my poems don't have a lot of words and they have short lines, so I just back things out and start over. I just do that.
armantrout-425	DB: OK.
armantrout-426	DB: Is there any sort of formatting that you use, either here or on your PC, that you kind of developed? Like do you have a certain font that you use or anything like that, or is that not really a concern of yours?
armantrout-427	RA: That's not really a concern.
armantrout-428	DB: OK.
armantrout-429	RA: I mean, I wouldn't want to hate a font but I'm okay with the standard font.
armantrout-430	DB: Yeah. And then I guess I'm wondering, then, before there were—before you had the iPad—you would just take the notebook up to your computer and write it down there?
armantrout-431	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-432	DB: That would be the thing?
armantrout-433	RA: Sure, of course.
armantrout-434	DB: So, it's almost like an ease of place, almost.
armantrout-435	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-436	DB: More than anything else.
armantrout-437	RA: Absolutely, because I'm just comfortable in this room and I would just stay there with my coffee playing around here for quite a while. So, I think that's just, you know, habit.	[00:51:24]
armantrout-438	DB: Yeah, yeah.
armantrout-439	DB: Do you use the—when you're connected up there, is the internet always connected as well? Are you always connected to the internet?
armantrout-440	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-441	DB: Are you doing any, are you using it for research purposes or reference purposes when you're up there?
armantrout-442	RA: Yeah, I mean in terms of my teaching—
armantrout-443	DB: OK.
armantrout-444	RA: —because I'm preparing to teach this class I've never taught before, and I'm going to be teaching it with a guy, with a physicist, where it's called Poetry for Physicists—
armantrout-445	DB: That's great!
armantrout-446	RA: —and he's been getting a lot press lately. I don't know if you've seen it. Bryan Keating (52:01), he was involved with the discovery at the South Pole?
armantrout-447	DB: Yeah, yeah, absolutely!
armantrout-448	RA: Yeah, yeah.
armantrout-449	DB: Oh, wow!
armantrout-450	RA: And he's interested in poetry!
armantrout-451	RA: So anyway, I'm doing research for that, and I was just—I'm using some ancient poets like Lucretius, who wrote about science, you know. I mean, he wrote—the ancient Greeks like Lucretius knew about—or, not knew but hypothesized the existence of atoms and the void. So, I was just doing some research about him on the computer and then printing them out.
armantrout-452	RA: Yeah, so, sure.
armantrout-453	DB: Yeah, I know. When I was reading your work and read about those kinds of things—discovery or confirmation of the Inflation Theory, I was like, "I would really like to see a poem by Rae Armantrout about this."
armantrout-454	RA: Well, turns out he's my bud!
armantrout-455	DB: Yeah, that's awesome! Yeah, that's a good—and how long have you been in conversation with him?
armantrout-456	RA: I dedicated a poem to him in this book. So, I've been in conversation with him for, I don't know, maybe three years? So the poem called "Accounts" is based on a conversation that we had.
armantrout-457	DB: And what are his books?
armantrout-458	RA: Here it is. See? "For Bryan Keating." (53:18)
armantrout-459	DB: Oh, cool! OK.
armantrout-460	RA: I don't think scientists—I mean, he's an astrophysicist. They don't write books.
armantrout-461	DB: You mentioned somebody that—there was some, like, more popular science writer that you were reading—?
armantrout-462	RA: You know I read Brian Greene, different Brian—
armantrout-463	DB: Yeah, I was getting confused because of the Brian's.
armantrout-464	DB: And how long has that been a sort of subject of fascination for you?
armantrout-465	RA: I think—the first time I did anything with particle physics was really when it first became popularized, like when The Tao of Physics came out in the 80's. And at first I thought it was just kind of absurd, all the particles, and I thought it was just like, "How many angels can stamd on the head of a pin?" or whatever. But I was still reading it and sort of interested in it, and then I guess starting with my book Up To Speed in 2004, I've taken a more sustained interest in it.
armantrout-466	DB: What's this class going to look like overall? Do you have like a shape to it?
armantrout-467	RA: Yeah. I mean, I've never team-taught before, but some days I'll be talking—I've chosen poems that either have something to do with cosmology or physics in some way, or that have to do with objectivity and subjectivity and theories of mind. Or then, in a different way, going off of kind of Chaos Theory where complexity can be—can grow from the iteration of simple rules. I'm using some poets like,
armantrout-468	well, like Ron Silliman, and like Jackson Macklow (55:01), and like Christian Bök, that (Indiscernible, 55:05) poet who use constraints, or rules, to generate poems and have math in their poems, you know, not as a subject but as a generative principle.	[00:55:00]
armantrout-469	DB: Right.
armantrout-470	RA: So I'm doing some of that.
armantrout-471	RA: And Brian is, you know, he likes poetry but he's not exactly up to the avant-garde, shall we say? He likes sonnets and such, so we have a bit of that.
armantrout-472	DB: OK, and will it be a class in which you ask the students to write, or is it more—?
armantrout-473	RA: It's not really a writing class.
armantrout-474	DB: —survey?
armantrout-475	RA: I mean, they're going to write one poem and they're going to write a couple of essays and there's going to be a couple of tests, and it's mostly a reading and discussion course.
armantrout-476	DB: OK, and its next fall?
armantrout-477	RA: No, it's in the spring. It starts in a week.
armantrout-478	DB: Oh, right!
armantrout-479	RA: It starts next Tuesday.
armantrout-480	DB: You guys are quarters.
armantrout-481	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-482	DB: OK.
armantrout-483	DB: So, let me see here.
armantrout-484	DB: We're fairly well along, almost done actually.
armantrout-485	DB: Are there any other—I mean, these are kind of—I don't know how far you want to get in to this, but in terms of teaching, when did that sort of email and computer start to kind of take over that? I mean, sort of like the 2000's, early 2000's?
armantrout-486	RA: Email? I think that was in the 90's, wasn't it?
armantrout-487	DB: Yeah, yeah.
armantrout-488	DB: And has that—do you feel like that's changed how you approach students and how you approach your classes?
armantrout-489	RA: Well, yeah. Now your students can always find you. It certainly made it easier to write a syllabus having a computer—
armantrout-490	DB: Yeah
armantrout-491	RA: —and, you know, you can constantly email your students and remind them of what they're supposed to be doing. I think its just made things easier for everyone.
armantrout-492	DB: Do you see any sort of differences in understanding of your students now as to your students like, say, fifteen or twenty years ago?
armantrout-493	RA: Well, I think that, you know, certainly students do gradually change. I think that when you teach young people, you kind of, sort of stay in that world. You hear their expressions—I'm not saying I'm a digital native by a long shot—but you know, you sort of hear the way they talk and you get a bit of their mind set, and you know, you know their lingo. In a way that, I think, when I retire, I might miss that.
armantrout-494	DB: Yeah, yeah.
armantrout-495	RA: But still, if something goes wrong with my computer I have to get my son to help me.
armantrout-496	DB: So, that's actually—I've found that this has been kind of a theme. Do you have somebody who comes in and helps you if you have any computer problems?
armantrout-497	RA: Yeah, he lives in Seattle, but he's walked me through things on the phone.
armantrout-498	DB: OK.
armantrout-499	DB: And has he set up—did he set up your computer when you first got it and stuff like that?
armantrout-500	RA: Yeah.
armantrout-501	DB: OK.
armantrout-502	RA: And he was 14. He's built a computer, even.
armantrout-503	DB: Oh, is he working—if he's in Seattle, is he working in the computer industry?
armantrout-504	RA: No, he's a scientist but he's not in the computer industry. He's a biologist.
armantrout-505	DB: Oh, OK.
armantrout-506	DB: So, I'm fairly well through. We've covered pretty much what I liked to cover. I do have my blunt questions at the end. So, is there any sort of overarching thing that you think has changed with the advent of computers in terms of writing? I mean, do you see a sort of maybe change in tone, a change in tenor, a change in ideas that have been—?
armantrout-507	RA: Well, yeah. I mean, the fact that I've just recently wrote a poem that references Mileage.com—
armantrout-508	DB: Right.
armantrout-509	RA: —and if I could bring up that section of it for you, anyway, because it's certainly something that would not have been written had there not been computers. It goes: "Protect your identities says mileage.com, three times today as if it knew something. I may want to fly cheap, cruise in luxury, buy a walk-in tub, and burial insurance."
armantrout-510	RA: Yeah, they try to sell you things.
armantrout-511	RA: So yeah, I mean, I think that that gets into the content of the work, and then there are groups of poets who work in that realm kind of specifically and almost exclusively—like the Flarf poets, for instance, just do what they call "Google mining."
armantrout-512	DB: Yeah, and what's—what do you—
armantrout-513	RA: And also of course, there are digital poets. There's digital poetry where people write poems especially for the computer, where the—I don't know, the words fall off the screen at different rates, and such.
armantrout-514	DB: Yeah, do you do—if you were willing to be reading poems for whatever reason, do you find that you're reading them a lot more on your screen than you used to?
armantrout-515	RA: I don't like to read on the screen. I mean, I do read things on the screen, but if I'm judging a contest or something, which I sometimes do, I ask for hard copies. Or if I get them on the screen, I print them because I just don't like to read on the screen. I mean, I don't want to sit up there on a hard chair. I don't want to look at that light—	[1:00:00]
armantrout-516	DB: Right.
armantrout-517	RA: You know?
armantrout-518	DB: No, I think that's pretty typical.
armantrout-519	DB: OK, I think that's good, Rae.
armantrout-520	DB: Thank you very much.
armantrout-521	RA: Alright, this was painless.
armantrout-522	DB: Yeah! Alright.
armantrout-523	DB: Just at an hour.
armantrout-524	RA: Good.
armantrout-525	DB: Good.
mohammad-1	DB: Thank you very much for agreeing to do this, Kasey.
mohammad-2	KM: My pleasure. Thanks for coming.
mohammad-3	DB: Would you please state, for the camera, your name, your date of birth, and the location we're at right now?
mohammad-4	KM: Kasey Silem Mohammad. October 10, 1962. We're at Southern Oregon University in Central Hall.
mohammad-5	DB: So, the first section is kind of short-answer. It's meant to get a sense of your digital practices now. So, we'll just kind of go through this and we'll talk more about the composition. So, what genres do you work in?
mohammad-6	KM: Poetry.
mohammad-7	DB: OK, and that's your primary genre?
mohammad-8	KM: Yeah.
mohammad-9	DB: What kinds of devices do you own, or have access to for writing?
mohammad-10	KM: This laptop, a MacBook. I mean, that's about it, other than whatever scratchpad I might put a note or idea in.
mohammad-11	DB: So you use only that one? Do you write on a phone? Do you write on any other things?
mohammad-12	KM: Usually not. I mean, the laptop is the main instrument.
mohammad-13	DB: The laptop is the main instrument.
mohammad-14	KM: Yeah.
mohammad-15	DB: And you have an Apple.
mohammad-16	KM: Mhmm.
mohammad-17	DB: You said you use some note paper sometimes?
mohammad-18	KM: I mean, if I'm somewhere and all I have is a piece of scratch paper because I'm in a meeting and I get an idea. But I don't really do that often.
mohammad-19	DB: OK, so it's pretty primarily on that computer?
mohammad-20	KM: That is mostly it.
mohammad-21	DB: OK. Do you ever make pre-writing notes for it, or—?
mohammad-22	KM: Because of the kind of writing I do, that usually doesn't come in to play.
mohammad-23	DB: Yeah.
mohammad-24	KM: Which I think will become clearer when we talk about the actual composition.
mohammad-25	DB: OK. In what format do you save your digital files?
mohammad-26	KM: Word.
mohammad-27	DB: Word doc.
mohammad-28	KM: Mhmm.
mohammad-29	DB: Do you save individual works as you go along, or do you simply save over what you've written? Do you save drafts?
mohammad-30	KM: Oh, no. I don't. I probably should, but I almost never save drafts. I just open up a doc and write over it until I think it's finished.
mohammad-31	DB: OK. And what are your naming conventions for your files?
mohammad-32	KM: Usually the name of the poem, followed by the file name.
mohammad-33	DB: And so, because you don't use drafts, it's just the one?
mohammad-34	KM: Yeah. I don't rename it once I've drafted it or anything. It just stays the same.
mohammad-35	DB: Do you print out your writing to revise it?
mohammad-36	KM: No, not typically.
mohammad-37	DB: OK.
mohammad-38	KM: Well, I mean, I might do that on occasion with something like an essay because it's easier on the eyes. But the poems are usually shorter, and again because of the specific nature of the composition, in some cases, you'll see I can't revise it really well at all if it's not on a computer.
mohammad-39	DB: Yeah. Do you ever save any paper copies of interim drafts?
mohammad-40	KM: Usually not. I think the only exception to that is maybe I have some paper copies somewhere of something I wrote in college and hope no one ever sees—maybe it's the way they're written. I don't ever bother to try and scribe them digitally.
mohammad-41	DB: Do you back up your work?
mohammad-42	KM: When I remember, yeah.
mohammad-43	DB: And how often do you do that?
mohammad-44	KM: Oh, god. I don't know. I probably need to do it right now—excuse me! Really, it's very erratic.
mohammad-45	DB: OK. Do you have Dropbox or anything?
mohammad-46	KM: You know, I've got a server here on campus. It's a backup server that I save things to. It's very simple. All I'd need to do is drag stuff right now, and I could do it to stop worrying about it. I've also got an external hard drive at home.
mohammad-47	DB: And if you're going to archive it, if you're going to back it up, that's where you put the work? And once a poem is finished, do you move it to a different folder?	[00:04:40]
mohammad-48	KM: Yeah, I've gotten kind of lax on it. I need to go in and update it, but typically what it'll be is: I have a folder—a main poetry folder—and within that, if there is a specific categories for certain projects, I'll divide them in to that, like a book project or whatever. And if something is published, typically, I'll put a copy of it in the Published folder, and then there would be like an Ongoing, or In-process, folder.
mohammad-49	DB: Yeah. Do you keep print copies of final drafts? Do you print them out?
mohammad-50	KM: Not usually.
mohammad-51	DB: And how about the media you've been published in? Do you keep the journals in a sort of space?
mohammad-52	KM: I do, yeah. I have a shelf full of journals and books.
mohammad-53	DB: OK. So, do you have any standard practices for archiving digitally or physically, would you say?
mohammad-54	KM: Maybe explain what you mean a little more.
mohammad-55	DB: Do you have a certain kind of way you put it on an external hard drive, like you put all your papers, or your books, on a certain shelf and that's kind of like your "archive"?
mohammad-56	KM: Yeah. Right, yes. Like I said, I do have a shelf in my living room. It's like most of the journals and books and anthologies I've been published in. And as far as I said for the digital files, yeah, there's usually a "published" folder—which is way behind being updated.
mohammad-57	DB: So, have you ever received or sought out information about digital archiving, or any sort of practices in that way?
mohammad-58	KM: Not really, no.
mohammad-59	DB: OK. Would you be interested in receiving information?
mohammad-60	KM: Possibly, yeah.
mohammad-61	DB: OK, that was kind of the basics. And so, this gets more to your trajectory as a writer. It starts off kind of getting a larger arc of it. So, how long have you been writing "professionally"?
mohammad-62	KM: I'd say since roughly '98 or '99.
mohammad-63	DB: And could you kind of give us a sense of the arc of your career over that time period?	[00:06:55]
mohammad-64	KM: Sure. That's when I was just finishing grad school and procrastinating on finishing my dissertation. So, I kind of went back to my long-time interest in contemporary poetry. And I think I had tried to send a few things out to get them published over the years, a few times without any success or sense of direction about it. And then during this time-wasting period, I became aware of electronic journals that were publishing authors I liked. But before that, I hadn't known even how to submit work, you know, to the same journals that would publish the kind of writers I liked. Because, you know, I had tried—for example, 5, 10 years before—to submit to magazines that I knew published language poetry and things like that. And typically I'd get no response, or maybe a slip saying, "Sorry, this journal is no longer in circulation" because the only way I heard about them in the first place was from the library copies. I had no contact with any of the people involved.
mohammad-65	KM: So, the internet changed that. I've been published in a few online journals and made contacts with poets that way. And then it was pretty rapid, from an initial chapbook that was published by Kenning Editions—ran by Patrick Durgin—in 2001 called Hovercraft, and then my first book in 2003, Dearhead Nation, from Tougher Disguises Press, edited by James Mets. Then another book that next year by Mike McGhee's Combo Books—A Thousand Devils. A couple books at the end of the decade from Edge, edited by Rod Smith, and lots of journals and anthologies in the middle there. And a few other chapbooks that I've neglected to mention.
mohammad-66	DB: And now, the project that you're working on is the "Sonograms"?
mohammad-67	KM: That's my chief project, yeah.
mohammad-68	DB: OK. But you have other ones going?
mohammad-69	KM: Well, that's the one that I consciously think of as a project that I'm in the middle of. Occasionally, I'll write something just on a whim, but yeah, that's the main project.
mohammad-70	DB: So, we'll sort of talk about the couple of different steps in the writing process, and then we're going to go through kind of how it was in the early stages of your writing and how it's changed. And so, my kind of way of thinking about it is there's the "compositional" stage—which is where you're kind of creating it—and then you have the "revision" stage. Then you kind of have the "organizational/archival" stage, which is when you're putting it into books and getting it published. So, those are the three stages to talk about, and then how those have changed over the course of time. Sort of like three-by-three.
mohammad-71	KM: Sure.
mohammad-72	DB: So, when you first started writing—and this is even before you started writing professionally, maybe before when you were trying to find those language poetry journals—what was your composition process? Or, how were you writing? What were you doing?	[00:09:40]
mohammad-73	KM: It's really hard to reconstruct something that long ago. I don't think I have much of a method. I think I was really just kind of feeling around in the dark. So, I took a couple of creative writing classes in junior college. I took one as an undergrad that didn't really work for me. I mean I passed, but it didn't do anything for me. But yeah, I would just occasionally feel inspired to write something. I mean, it was very shapeless.
mohammad-74	DB: Yeah. So, how did you come to find the writing that you liked? I mean, to find the language poetry, to find the journals that you were sending out to?
mohammad-75	KM: I don't remember what led me to it, but I remember just surfing the web. I think one of the very first journals that caught my attention was Combo by Mike McGhee. They published Clark Coolidge and other language poets and younger poets I hadn't heard of. And at least some of it was online, I think, if I remember correctly. It was like limited digital sampling. And I just emailed them saying, "Hey, I just want to go about submitting work," or something like that. They liked the work, and I was published in there several times. It's the same thing with Kenning, which was also a journal—Patrick Durgin's journal. I think my first publication actually was in Fourteen Hills from San Francisco State. I went to a group reading for the contributors to that issue and met a lot of Bay Area poets. So, I established a connection with—I forget what the original question was now.
mohammad-76	DB: Oh, it's fine. That's actually kind of where I'm pushing you. So, your writing styles in the beginning, your ways of composition—they're kind of formless—
mohammad-77	KM: Oh, yeah, yeah.
mohammad-78	DB: How did they start to progress, then? I mean, what was sort of the next step?
mohammad-79	KM: Sure. That's actually pretty easy to answer, because it's kind of, at least so far, been kind of a really distinct, three-stage process.
mohammad-80	DB: Oh, great!
mohammad-81	KM: Yeah, I can actually answer according to the terms of the question! So, that earliest work—and this would be everything up through the period I'm talking about—was just basically, I don't know how quite to describe it. Organic, or free-hand, you know. Just making stuff up and writing it down. Words would come in to my head, and I would put them on the page. So, typically, I would just type it and it would be like trying to compose a musical piece, or something. Like, what should go after this? How can I complete this rhythm, or set of images? Something like that. And then that began to change with—again, I say 2000, 2001, when I met Gary Sullivan and other members of the Flarf Group—and that itself, that second stage had kind of like two stages. At first, I became acquainted with Gary's writing on an email list that we were both on, and just for a joke he wrote some kind of New Year's poem, or something like that, that he called a "flarf poem." "Flarf" was the invented name for the method. It was basically just writing the stupidest, most shapeless thing you could think of. So it was full of non-sense and obscenities, emphatic noises with no real shape or form other than just, basically, roughly being broken in to lines. He and I and a few other people started doing this just for fun, and we created our own email list just so we could do it. I'm sure the full origin stories out there about—
mohammad-82	DB: Just for my clarification—it started on a different email list and then it moved to its own?
mohammad-83	KM: That's right. And I guess really it started, if I'm correct—I think this is what Gary related to me—when he sent a poem in to one of those online vanity price things. "Poetry.com." And the short version: he was trying to get rejected. So, he wrote just the stupidest thing he could think of, and it was accepted for consideration for the anthology, which you then pay for if you're actually dumb enough to go through with that. So, that was the origin. Then he just started writing more of them on the email list even after he'd realized he couldn't get rejected, because it was fun. So, a group of us that were on this list, and so eventually, I think it was Drew Gardner who introduced a method in the middle of this shapeless writing of using Google search results. Just going in to the Google page, doing usually a combination search for like two or three terms that you wouldn't expect to see on the same page together and then using that initial search result page as a base from which to collage excerpts. Not following the links, just—
mohammad-84	DB: Just the language that shows up in the Google cache?
mohammad-85	KM: That's right, yeah. So, my typical process—and this is the second stage, the big second stage where, for 10 years, I basically just wrote Google collages—was I would copy however many pages of the search result page... You know, because I'd click "next page," "next page," "next page" of about ten or a hundred results, and the page would turn in to words, and I'd start chiseling it down. Rearranging it, shuffling the contents, and occasionally cheating a little bit by putting a connector word or something like "and" or "the." Or maybe altering a word that was in just a slightly different grammatical form or something. But that gets back to what we were saying about not doing print revisions because, really, everything's done kind of like refrigerator magnets—just shuffling around. And I guess printing out a page, I could look at the thing and go, "Well, if I brought some of this down here...". But I never did that.
mohammad-86	DB: No, right. I mean, it makes sense. It's computer-generated material.
mohammad-87	KM: Yeah, and part of the fun of it was using the computer as a kind of canvas.
mohammad-88	DB: Yeah.
mohammad-89	KM: There was something kind of pleasing about pulling the components around and almost physically moving them around in that digital space.
mohammad-90	DB: And when you're copying the page, do you just, say, CTRL+All, grab it and drop it in? Do you get images and what-not with that? Or do you just drag the thing up and just get the text and paste it in?
mohammad-91	KM: Yeah. I mean typically, on a Mac, I'd just select the whole page, copy, and paste. I mean, there weren't any images because it was just the result page.
mohammad-92	DB: Just the result page, OK.
mohammad-93	KM: Right. What you would get was a lot of the, like, red or blue text, or purple text—the URLs and headers and things like that. But typically the first stage of going through the manuscript would be to remove all of that kind of junk-text. I mean it was all junk, but...
mohammad-94	MORE INFO: See the full interview at: https://ctrl-shift.org/interviews/transcripts/mohammad.html
wrigley-1	DB: Let's make this kind of official. Would you please state your name, your date of birth, and the location where we are for the camera?
wrigley-2	RW: I am Robert Wrigley. I was born February 27, 1951. We are sitting in my little studio building, which is called "Stanza," one of the two Italian words—the lesser Italian word—for "room," on Moscow Mountain, not far…well, 6 miles north of Moscow, Idaho.
wrigley-3	DB: And how long have you been writing in this spot?
wrigley-4	RW: I built this building in 2002. So, 11 years in this space.
wrigley-5	DB: So, here are the sort of quick and dirty questions. What genres do you work in?
wrigley-6	RW: Poetry almost exclusively. Every now and then I'm sort forced to commit prose, like a craft lecture or something, and I've got a bunch of those that some day, people keep telling me, I should make a book out of. But mostly I'm just not interested. I'd rather write poems.
wrigley-7	DB: What kind of devices do you own or have access to for your writing?
wrigley-8	RW: Meaning electronic devices?
wrigley-9	DB: Either or.
wrigley-10	RW: Most fundamentally, of course, is the computer. I have one laptop. That's my private computer, which sometimes I compose on. Always I compose prose on the computer. I can't imagine being a prose writer and writing in long hand, but some people do. Beyond that, I have pencils and pens and note books.
wrigley-11	DB: Okay. What's your operating system, what type of device do you use?
wrigley-12	RW: I have a Mac. What is it, a Macbook Air? And I no longer have an external hard drive. Back when I had a PC I had an external hard drive where I backed up everything from the hard drive of the computer onto an external drive. Now, I put things into the cloud, the iCloud. I back stuff up on Mozy just to keep track. Theoretically, at least, I've never had to go retrieve anything. But, theoretically, it's "safe" out there.
wrigley-13	DB: Yeah, that is definitely some of the questions. Do you work on a device at the university at all or is it just the one device? Do you ever move things from one device to the other?
wrigley-14	RW: No. I try to keep what I write—the poems themselves—away from university machines, just because the university owns the machine and I really don't want anything that I own on that university machine.
wrigley-15	DB: How do you save your pre-writing or your notes?	[00:02:53]
wrigley-16	RW: I print off a lot of things. There's a pile of drafts back here that in fact need to be moved to a box, but I haven't brought the new box up from the house. Usually, a box will take two years to fill and then it goes into storage in the basement until somebody offers me enough money for it. And then they can have all the boxes.
wrigley-17	DB: All the boxes. Do you save the drafts of your individual works as you go along or do you save it as one poem or do you put them all together or do you save over?
wrigley-18	RW: I don't put them all together. It seems to me that it would probably be a good idea to do something like that, and if I were to do something like that, if someone comes along and wants my papers, they would be a lot happier if I had them organized in some way. But basically, the pile—which is not very evenly stacked—is pretty much the way they go into the box. So I will work on a poem, print off a draft, put a date on it and the number. I'm just pulling the one off the top—this is a little draft of a poem called "Goodbye to the River" which I have no memory of. But this draft was composed on the 15th of October 2013, and it's draft number two. So, I do have a sort of—
wrigley-19	DB: So you do have a system.
wrigley-20	RW: I do have a system. And I suppose if someone were really interested and would go through the boxes, which ultimately have a year on them—or a period of years on them if it takes me awhile to fill one—someone could go through and actually find the poems under certain title and put them in order, in the order in which they came into being. Although sometimes I change tittles, so I don't know what that does to the—
wrigley-21	DB: The poor future researcher that has to—
wrigley-22	RW: Well, it will keep said researcher, should he or she ever exist, busy.
wrigley-23	DB: Yes.
wrigley-24	RW: Well through tenure.
wrigley-25	DB: Yeah. So you were just saying you back up your work by using a Mozy folder, which backs up your work to the server and all your poems are in one location. How do you save a work that's been published? Do you put it in a different place?	[00:05:00]
wrigley-26	RW: I do. I have this which is sort of the in-process folder—a little "thesis binder," they're called at Harvard. In the back go all the poems that have been published with the name of the magazine on it and in front are the ones that are still in progress.
wrigley-27	DB: This is sort of a general question. Have you ever received or sought out information about methods for kind of "best practices" for digital archiving?
wrigley-28	RW: I never have, and probably I should. I talked to Daniel Orozco a lot who is so frightened of losing things that he backs everything up on a jump drive. I think maybe two; he uses Mozy, he uses one other backup service as well, prints things. He's anal all about it and I can't really blame him. He's a prose writer, though they lose… you lose a file there, you could lose hundreds of pages.
wrigley-29	DB: Right. I think that was one of the interesting things we saw was that there were a lot of—not, maybe, to Orozco's extent, but—people who would do that. But then the issue becomes, for them, a lot of times, what's what and which version is which and the kind of mess of that. I mean, you think your files will be difficult, but his files will be…because there is not a date on them, there is no handwriting, there is no indication this is…it's going to be kind of like, "What?"
wrigley-30	RW: You know how when you save something in, say, Microsoft Word? When you save it it gives you a date, but then you resave it, you modify it, you resave it and it's completely new dates, so the old date goes away. I found that I couldn't rely on that at all. I had to put a pencil date or a pen date on the corner of the draft just so I knew which was which and when was what. And I think that's important. I don't know that that's important. Whereas, in the notebook, it starts with a date and every page is dated, so I know exactly. I can go back into the notebooks, which I do with some regularity, just to sift-through and see if I missed anything. If there is some piece that I might resurrect and make use of, I know exactly when I first put it down.
wrigley-31	DB: Ok. That was sort of the precursor, although basically the same questions are coming back, but this is going to be kind of more overarching on your practice over time. How long have you been writing professionally, in which I mean something that was sort of either your main focus or something that was supporting you financially?	[00:07:53]
wrigley-32	RW: Really, I guess I would say since 1972, which is when I was in fact an undergraduate student. I got discharged from the army in 1971, got drafted, went back to college, and within a matter of a few months was waylaid by poetry. I didn't want to be a poet. I didn't really have a whole lot of use for poetry. I took the class on a kind of lark, thinking how hard can it be? It doesn't have go very far across the page, and from what I could tell, it doesn't have to rhyme anymore. You don't have to have any kind of regular meter. As far as I could tell, most people couldn't figure out what it meant anyway, so I can do that. I can get three credits that way. I walked into the class and I got absolutely waylaid, and that was 1972, which was 41 years ago.
wrigley-33	DB: Where was that?
wrigley-34	RW: Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville.
wrigley-35	DB: Who was your first professor?
wrigley-36	RW: My first poetry professor was a man by the name of Clyde Fixmer, who is still alive, pushing 80, was really kind of a failed poet. I'd never want him to hear me say that, of course, but he's published I think two or three books and they've all been self-published. He never really had the belly for the getting out into the—I don't know what else do you call it—the marketplace; the literary world. He couldn't bare rejection. And I figured out early on, and as far as I knew it for a long time, rejection was, like…that's what happened.
wrigley-37	RW: Although, the first poem I ever sent out got accepted. The first batch of poems I ever sent out, I got something accepted. I got, like, hooked on that part of it too. But publication, as you know, publication is not the same thing as writing. They may be almost entirely unrelated.
wrigley-38	DB: Yes. That kind of gets us started. The next question is sort of, like, could you give a sort of general description of the arc of your career starting with this portion versus the next? Let me go push this one more time.
wrigley-39	RW: Does it automatically take pictures? Or—
wrigley-40	DB: No. This is recording. I'm going to do it twice. It just stops because it fills up really fast. It's a higher resolution thing, and then this one is definitely… So to get back to the sort of the general, the large arc of your career, and how that's kind of taken you through the scenes.
wrigley-41	RW: I'm a product of the creative writing industry. I wanted to be a writer. I wanted to write novels. I wanted to write novels that sold a lot of copies, made me a lot of money. I wanted to live in the South of France. I'm serious about this, Devin—you have to believe me—as serious as a 21-year old could have been. I wanted drive in Aston Martin and live in the South of France and date super models; it seemed like a perfectly appropriate and maybe even attainable career goal. I was an idiot, I didn't know anything.
wrigley-42	RW: But then I got waylaid by poetry, and I think that I discovered or realized that whatever sort of disposition I have is suited to poetry and not so much to prose, and certainly not to fiction. I have, in fact, published a couple of short stories, years ago—25 years ago I think was the most recent one—but they never made me happy, not like writing a poem did. Anyway, I got way laid and got real keen on poetry and began haunting the library of my alma mater in the department of the skinny books.
wrigley-43	RW: I looked into graduate school and discovered there was this degree called Master of Fine Arts, in which there were 11 programs in the country that offered that degree in 1972, I think, and one in Canada, and applied to a number of programs, wound up going to Montana, fell in love with living in this part of the world and really have never stopped in terms of writing nor of living in this part of the world. So, I got kind of waylaid by geography and poetry simultaneously. The arc of my career aesthetically is a completely other kind of thing.
wrigley-44	DB: This is more of just sort of like place, person, kind of general overview of where you were, what happened.
wrigley-45	RW: When I went to Montana I got to study with Madeline DeFrees, John Hansen, and probably most famously, Richard Hugo. Dick Hugo and Madeline DeFrees, particularly, were just enormously important to me in terms of the craft of the poetry and I don't think my notion of the line is, for me, separable from what I learned from, say, Madeline DeFrees. Dick was a completely other kind of teacher, but a magnificent teacher. He could make you see what you were doing right and what you were doing wrong with a phrase. And that was a great thing.
wrigley-46	DB: So you went from Montana and then where did you go next? It was LCSC? Or—	[00:14:25]
wrigley-47	RW: I went back to my alma mater where I was an adjunct for a year and applied for jobs as close to Missoula, Montana as I could find. The first job that I got was down at LCSC in 1977. I was sabbatical replacement for a year, but they loved me and tried immediately make a tenure track position for me, which they offered me and I turned down, because I had an NEA and I didn't want a job. But I wound up working, teaching a couple of classes for that year and then I started tenure track on a job that was really kind of…that I held for 22 years, that was not a great job for a poet because the teaching load was 4-4 for a long time. And then, somehow, I convinced them that I should have a 3-3 load, and then, ultimately, Kim and I split the job and each taught 2-2. And that was fine. That was great. But then the position opened up here, and the only other place I was really interested or would have been interested in going would have been Montana. But I love Moscow and I love Idaho, and I have been there for a long time. So when this job came along, I snapped it up.
wrigley-48	DB: In what year was that?
wrigley-49	RW: 1999 was my first year at U of I.
wrigley-50	DB: How long had the MFA program been here?
wrigley-51	RW: I think it was three years old then. I think ‘96 was the first year they admitted students, maybe ‘97. I can't remember now. So it's still a pretty young program, really.
wrigley-52	DB: You have been here for…?
wrigley-53	RW: For most of it.
wrigley-54	DB: Most of it, yeah. So, you've been here since then, basically in the same position, same job, and over this time you've written… Can you kind of talk about… You've written, like, seven books?
wrigley-55	RW: Let's see—‘99, the year I was hired, I published Reign of Snakes. The year I was hired here, I published Reign of Snakes. So, since Reign of Snakes, although it was written while I was teaching at LC, I've published Reign of Snakes, Lives of the Animals, Earthly Meditations, Beautiful Country and now Anatomy of Melancholy. Five books since I've been at U of I.
wrigley-56	DB: Okay. That's sort of the general overview, and then I'd like to kind of start about your writing process, generally. I've got it kind of broken into three portions; one being kind of the compositional spot, like pre-writing, notes, kind of the development of the work into its first draft. And then the next being sort of revisional, like "How do you revise?," etcetera. We'll talk, and that will be kind of the next thing. And then the third process being the organizational archival. If that doesn't make sense with your writing process, we can talk about it differently. That's just how I've them set up here.	[00:16:58]
wrigley-57	RW: We'll see how it goes. It sounds fine to me.
wrigley-58	DB: Okay. So when you first started writing, when you were first, maybe, in Montana, and in the first stages of your career, how did go about writing a poem? How did you get the idea? How did you pre-write? Did you draft, etcetera? That's sort of my first question.
wrigley-59	RW: I've always—and I don't know where—I have piles of them… These little fellows, these Moleskine. However one pronounces that, I can never tell. I probably have 250 of these piled somewhere. I think they're in a box in the house, and they're just the places where, when I get an idea or an image occurs to me, or a phrase, or I see some phrase, I make a note. I make that first note, so that when I come out here or wherever I go, wherever it was I was happily doing the writing, anywhere along the way, which is sometimes at a kitchen table, you never knew… Back years ago, I didn't have a space to write it.	[00:18:00]
wrigley-60	RW: I had this, one of the most recent couple of these, to just consult, just to sort of trip on the switch. Sometimes though, you exhaust those things or nothing in the little notebook interests me, so I just come out, and that's why there is this pile of books here on the futon. They were all books I've pulled down—well, there's a little pile that I brought back from Italy. Not Italy; England. I'll just come out and I'll look at the shelves and pull a book off the shelves, almost at random. Sometimes I have no idea what book it is I'm reaching for, it's just something about the color that will appeal to me and I'll open it up, thumb through it, look for a poem or look for a word, a title, a phrase—anything that just turns on a switch that just gets me started. Mostly it has always seemed to me that the only way I can get started is to just start putting words on paper, so that's what when I turn to this notebook. It seems far less effective to me to sit down at the computer and try to begin composing when I don't have anything in particular on my mind. Whereas in the notebook itself, I can doodle. I can write a phrase. I can just sort of noodle around, you know, the way a musician would noodle around with a musical phrase, to see where it leads me. I've always believed that writing begets writing. The more I noodle around, something eventually is going to interest me. Something eventually is going to find a way to connect with the next thing, the next word, the next phrase, or a kind of move toward an idea. I hate using the word "idea," though, talking about poems, because people always ask things like—and they tend to be people who have never really written before, or who are at the beginning of trying to write—they'll say, "Where do you get your ideas for poems?" I always want to say, "What ideas? Where?" Because they tend not to come from ideas, they tend to come from words or phrases or images or something I've seen outside the window. That's why…who was it? Ed Hirsch came out here. I showed him my space. He sat at the desk and said, "I couldn't write here. All I'd do is look out the window." Well, it's true, I spend a lot of time looking out the window, but that's just my way of inviting what was outside into the poems. Those kinds of things are what occur to me as language. Somehow, the lens of the writing studio, the lens that is my eyes and imagination and language can convert what it is I see into some kind of a phrase that's useful and I can build with.
wrigley-61	DB: Okay. You move from the Moleskine notebooks into this notebook. Could you describe what the notebook is?
wrigley-62	RW: Yeah. What do they call these? This is the "Gemstone Collection" and this is mostly what I've been using for the last 20 years. I was teaching at the University of Oregon for a year and the graduate students bought me one of these, and I loved it so much that I've been buying these ever since. That's when I really start getting movement toward a poem to happen, and it used to be, as I said, whole poems would happen in those notebooks. Now, it can be a stanza, it can be 20, 30, or 50 lines, if it's a longer thing.
wrigley-63	RW: When I'll get impatient with the sort of the slowness of the process writing—I always write in pencil—I'll go to the computer. Or, I'll get stopped. I won't know where to go. I mean, you know what this is like. You're just, "What's the next thing that happens in this poem? I don't know." Somehow converting the hand written text to text on the computer screen—and it was with a typewriter, even before—can allow you to see things about its structure or about its movement that you might not have seen while you were in the midst of it. It's almost like the handwriting became something that swallowed me and I had to escape from the handwriting and put things down on the computer screen, let's say, in order to have some sense of what might come next.
wrigley-64	DB: Before you were using the computer, you were using the typewriter in a similar manner?	[00:23:23]
wrigley-65	RW: Yeah. I had an IBM Selectric. I guess even before that, I had some other kind of electric typewriter. I would type it up as far as I could go and then wait and see what would happen. Usually what that meant was that I'd take the poem out of the typewriter, as far as it went, and write it back down long hand in the note book but it would look different. It shaped it differently. Because looking at it on the screen gives it the appearance more of a kind of permanence, which is dangerous, I think. It would have been dangerous for me in the beginning, I think, to compose on a word processor or a typewriter because it might have given me this inclination toward a particular kind of structure that in fact would not have been as interesting or as evocative to me.
wrigley-66	RW: Now, I'm perfectly comfortable just looking at lines on the computer screen and saying, "Wait a minute, why are these lines the way they are?" And I am a compulsive syllable counter, even if, ultimately, in revisions, I wind up excising syllables or adding syllables. I like, composing say, a decasyllabic just to force me into manipulating syntax, to keep the right margin mattering, and somehow finding that way of moving the poem down the page.
wrigley-67	DB: First question is when did you start using a computer to do these things? Secondly, was there anything that changed when you moved from typewriter to a computer? Was there a different feeling or a different sort of—? I mean you've said a little bit about this.
wrigley-68	RW: Yeah. I think that in the beginning, and this probably would have been, let's see… I got my first computer in the Fall of 1995. This is the sort of computer that had a—which I still have; it still works—a Compaq, a little tiny "laptop," as we called them then, that had a minimal hard drive. I think I nearly filled it up. But I think I kind of used it, really, as just a sort of glorified typewriter with a little screen. It is black and white screen and there was nothing special as a piece of technology. I used it as a not so special piece of technology, kind of like a typewriter except that you can save it and go back to it, and find it just the way you left it and not have to type it completely in or not have to go from the typing sheet back to the notebook.
wrigley-69	RW: There is a kind of step that gets left out. That was the first time I started leaving out the step of writing by hand then going to the computer and then going back to the typewriter, then going back from type-written sheet to long hand. In a way I suppose the best thing I could have, the thing I thought was best about that part of the process, when the computer came along, was that it saved time. I could immediately just look at it on the screen, go back to longhand and then add what I had written in longhand onto whatever I had already saved on the computer.
wrigley-70	RW: But it kept me from writing everything back down and for a long time, I wondered about, "What I'm I missing there? What might I have not seen that I would have seen if I had been writing in longhand?" I used to say things like, "The reason I keep writing longhand or printing actually, I print the stuff, is that it allows me to feel the shapes of the letters themselves." It allows you to dispense words incrementally and syllables, not that the typewriter or the computer is any different except that it is. You sort of hear the syllables more when you are writing it out longhand and you certainly feel them more when you are writing longhand.
wrigley-71	RW: Eventually, I began to see that and I think Kim was part of what helped me see that. She just said, "That's just silly. Why would that really change anything?" You know, you're right. It doesn't change much of anything. I began to be a whole lot more comfortable then with just moving from—in sort of one fell swoop—from the handwritten text, to the text on the computer, which I would then print out and then do extensive revisions on. Arrows, things crossed out—that sort of thing. Whole sections crossed out.
wrigley-72	DB: Okay. I guess we can kind of move into sort of talking about revision generally then. You are talking about how you do revision now in the computer and the differences between you moving back and forth more with the typewriter. I guess, what were your practices when you first started? How did you kind of learn how to revise?	[00:28:31]
wrigley-73	RW: That's a really good question. I tell the students, the graduate students, because they hate to revise. I said, "You can't hate to revise, you have to love to revise because that's, like, most of the job." If you hate to revise, it's like hating writing, because that's what writing is. I like to tell them my own experience, which was that when in the beginning, as it were, I didn't realize it but I preferred to have written to writing. I really loved the finished product, or what I perceived as the finished product, which is to say, the "file" draft of the poem. That's the part I loved most.
wrigley-74	RW: Somewhere along the line, I began to prefer the process to the product because that's the place where all the excitement happens. That's the place where you surprise yourself. The process of revision is certainly made so much more fluid and swift with the computer than it ever could have been with writing longhand and then moving to the computer. It's so easy to drag and drop, to cut and paste with a computer that it is sort of staggering to try to remember what it was like getting together a book manuscript.
wrigley-75	RW: My first book manuscript that Penguin published, that was all typed on a typewriter without page numbers, which are then penciled in. I thought about winding it all in the typewriter, typing-in page numbers, but I thought, "This is insane, it'll drive me nuts." I had handwritten page numbers on it when I put together that book manuscript. And now of course it's just such a breeze that a computer will automatically do all that stuff for you. I don't think that it changes much about the way I compose, but there are some, I think… That is a big bug.
wrigley-76	RW: There are some great advantages about seeing it on the screen in the computer. There is a poem in Anatomy of Melancholy that is…let me find it. It's called "Earthquake Light." Let's see. It's one, two, three, four, five, six, seven…eight tercets. So, it's 24 lines. Originally, in the first draft of this poem, was the only draft of this poem that was in six quatrains. Not much was different about it. If you look at it, when it was divided into quatrains, more or less the same structure that it is now, the first quatrain ended with a period. That is to say the period at the end of what is now line one, stanza two. I looked at it on the page, on the computer screen for a long time before I realized that, "Wait a minute, I sort of liked the idea that the first quatrain ends with a period, which sort of establishes this undeniable hardness of the quatrain as a structural unit."
wrigley-77	RW: But then I thought to myself, "What happens if I break this into tercets because it the same number of lines. I can break it into a different number of tercets and still have the poem be comprised of the same number of lines." It changed everything about the poem, having that poem broken into tercets instead of quatrains. That was so easy to do and so easy to examine, to test, with a computer. Let me just backspace here, space here, return here—I just did that, looked at that: "Okay. Bingo!" That sort of thing I think is one of the great things that that part of the technology of the computer helps to facilitate. It allows you to see those possibilities. Shit, if I'd have had to completely retype the thing in tercets, would have I done it? Probably. I would have done it, but it would have been a much more arduous thing, and it might have not occurred to me simply because the little voice in my head would have said, "You don't want to type that again." That, I think, is one of the great things about the technology.
wrigley-78	DB: I guess what sort of mode is your revision? There is a phrase in one of the books I'm reading: "What is your primary mode of textual change as an English woman?" She was sort of describing sort of T.S. Eliot versus Pound; T.S Eliot being the sort of subtractive and Pound being sort of creative and more and more… or there is also a sort of substitute sort of mode as well. Does one of those fit your mode or is it…?	[00:33:55]
wrigley-79	RW: Oh, I'm subtractive. Absolutely. If she weren't so old and weren't taking care of my father 24/7, I would have my mother who always embroidered, embroider me a little sample that I can hang on the wall that says, "Cutting is virtue" because it is, and I think I may be part of the lineage of poets who sometimes can't shut up. I love Dryden, I love Pope but I can only take them for about 100, 200 lines of time and I got to go lie down because they just did not know when to be quiet. They did not know when to shut up and they needn't have to. Who I'm I to talk about them that way? Except for the fact that I look at—even in poems of Pope's—and think, "If this had been cut by about a third, it would just be a lot more friendly." It would just be a lot less boring quite honestly. It may not have been boring. It is not still boring to a lot of people, but I think it's one of the reasons that people like Pope probably aren't read—except by academics—as they once might have been, because there is just so much of it. Maybe being sort of in that lineage or of that sort that people tell me all the time, "You write long poems." No, I don't! The longest poem I've ever written has been like 400 lines—that's puny, but I've cut… The longest poem in Beautiful Country is 220 some odd lines, and it was 800 lines long in early draft. Most of those, I would print off a long draft and then just start cutting. And I cut 600 lines.
wrigley-80	DB: Which poem is that?
wrigley-81	RW: It's called "American Fear."
wrigley-82	DB: Okay. When you are revising is there an intension behind the revision and along with that, are you revising towards… like is it driven by sound? Is it driven by theme? Is it driven by structure of the poem in general or by meaning?
wrigley-83	RW: Certainly sound figures into it. Basically, I'll see or hear opportunities to let the poem go someplace else it might not have gone basically because I hear a particular sound that appeals to me or see the possibility of substituting a word in a subsequent line. It can pick up that sound. I call them "sound linkages." A lot of people do, I think Ellen Bryant Voigt was the first person I ever heard use that term. Sound is for me a compositional tool. I have something called the rule of the rhyme. When I make a sound that I particularly like or feel is evocative in a line, I want to make that sound again within the first three or four syllables of the subsequent line just to see where the poem goes, just to see where that sound takes me inside the poem. I forgot the original question, how the hell I got here.
wrigley-84	DB: Is there an intention behind the revision or you just sort of follow?
wrigley-85	RW: I think in sort of the most fundamental way I'm looking for clarity without clarity, but with a kind of evocative simplicity. I don't want poems to be boilable down to a kind of theme and I'm not interested in poems that can be said to be "about" something. Sure, they are about something, but what they are really about is something much more than that particular something. What I'm looking for is to get at that particular something, not so much the thing as the other thing. Tony Earley, the fiction, nonfiction writer talks about all great writing being about the thing and the other thing. It's the other thing that interests me a whole lot more than the thing. In the drafting process, I'm dealing with the thing. In the revision process, when I get seriously down to revision, I'm dealing with the other thing. How can I make what this poem is after? That "what" is frequently several different "whats". So, how can I make those things all work together?
wrigley-86	DB: Has your relationship to that sort of idea changed over your course of writing or has it been somewhat constant in that? Like, once you heard him talk about it, you are like, "Oh right. That's what I've been doing."
wrigley-87	RW: Hold on to say okay. Ask the question again?
wrigley-88	DB: You are talking about the thing and the other thing. Is that something that once he said that to you, you sort of realized that's what you've been doing all along or is it something that you came to be practicing and before you were doing something else?
wrigley-89	RW: I think it was something I've been doing all along without really having that sort of a simple way of explaining it or a simple way of seeing it. But I was always after that. I mean, I was interviewed by a young woman in Scotland who asked me if I could talk about what she said were my two or three dominant themes and I said, "I'm sorry, but I don't know what those are." And we wound up with the long edge talking about my discomfort with the idea of theme, because it's just the way it sort of circumscribing what the poem is after, drawing the line about what the possibilities of the poem might be, a line around that, and I'm not interested in that. I'm interested in the poem being as big as it can possibly be, having as many possible readings, if you will, as it can have. Maybe as many possible readings as there are readers.
wrigley-90	DB: What role do other people play in the process of your revision? Do they play a role?	[00:40:55]
wrigley-91	RW: Not a whole lot. Kim is my principal reader and she knows me so well that she can tell when she needs to be supportive and can tell when she needs to be mean. Sometimes, you just need to have a kick in the pants. But she's also the one who says, "Okay, here's where you need to open it up, right here, right in this spot," and she's almost invariably correct. "Oh yeah, you're right. I need to develop that spot. I need to go somewhere else. I need to bring some other kind of image, some other kind of a reference." The poem, as Dick Hugo would say, is…you need to write off the subject in that spot, he would say. I always call it "Just bring in a Buick," which is my own figure for it but that's what I do. Just find something extraneous—seemingly extraneous—to bring into the poem so I can open it up here.
wrigley-92	DB: Okay. So you don't, like, send your poems to other writers or have anything like that?
wrigley-93	RW: I have a couple of friends that I will send poems to on occasion. Dorianne Laux has looked at poems for me, and Henry Carlile, who lives over in Portland, a wonder poet. On a couple of occasions, Phil Levine has looked at some things for me. But mostly no. I don't have that kind of network of other writers.
wrigley-94	DB: And in these sort of unusual circumstances, what drives you to sort of send a poem outside?
wrigley-95	RW: It will be a poem that, for some reason or another, I'm uncertain of. The example that occurs to me is that a long sequence of poems called "Earthly Meditations," which originally appeared as kind of little prefatory sections in each of the four parts, and then a fifth envoy, sort of the organizing poems in the book Reign of Snakes, which is a very sound driven, intensely meditative poem that I wrote. I was on a Guggenheim when I wrote that book and that was the last poem—that big poem that went into the book because something is missing. I knew something was missing, but I didn't know what it was. And right in the middle of the book was this other long sequence, called "Reign of Snakes."
wrigley-96	RW: I had this one poem which was actually the first part of "Earthly Meditations." I took it in to show it to Kim and she said, "Okay, the stanza here needs to go, but you might want to consider just writing more of this and see, because I don't feel it's done." So I wrote—it was 500 some odd lines long, this sequence—over the course of, like, two weeks. While I would do it, I would go out and I played Dylan Thomas on the CD player. I'd just listened to him say all this "gorgeous nonsense" as Auden called it. Or I'd read Plath, or I'd read The Book of Nightmares. Mostly, if there was a model for that poem, it was Roethke's "North American" sequence, a very much nature-driven sort of thing, and highly musical.
wrigley-97	RW: And then when I finished it, I knew what I wanted to do with it, and use it as sections throughout the book. Actually, that was Kim's idea too. I couldn't write without her. I didn't really trust the poem.
wrigley-98	RW: It was not like anything else I've ever written so I sent it to Dorianne, Henry, and Phil, and a couple of other people, just to find out, one of whom, Henry—who was a student of Roethke's—it was too close to Roethke for him. He didn't want me to do it. Everybody else said, "This is the best thing you've ever written. You just got to keep writing more like that." People keep telling me to go back and get that voice again and do more. I keep saying, "I've already done it. I don't want to do that anymore." But I do have those people. I hadn't used any of them. Henry, a couple of times, since, but that's about it. I have this writer in residence, who is extremely helpful.
wrigley-99	DB: So you're talking a little bit about how this goes into a book and everything. I guess I'm wondering if you can sort of delineate a difference between how you revise an individual piece and how you revise a collection of works, and maybe talk a little bit about how that has changed over the course of your career?	[00:45:40]
wrigley-100	RW: Yeah, you know, it's such an ongoing thing with individual pieces. A lot of times, I'll publish a poem in a magazine and I'll go back in and think, "I want to change this," and I'll change something. I'll fiddle with things a little bit. I don't think there is anything particularly holy about the fact that it appeared in print in one way—I can tinker with it. But then I find, when I start assembling a book—I mean, I still do this the old fashioned way; I don't think there's any other way—get all the poems I think might comprise the poem, and I lay them out on the floor. But then that act of laying them out on the floor and finding, say, "Okay, this batch of 10, 12 poems sort of goes together - You can see there's some connective tissue between them."
wrigley-101	RW: Then I've got to go back and start making—I have a system of little arrows and checks and numbers and so forth that show me opportunities to tie those poems together. If I write as in, say, Anatomy of Melancholy—a book that is into four sections—then I have to find a way to connect the sections together so that the assemblage of the sections is part of the assemblage of the whole, of course, but the assemblage of the whole and the sections they're in becomes, also, part of the revision of the individual poems as I find ways to stitch those things together into the larger fabric.
wrigley-102	DB: Okay. That has been consistent throughout, you think?
wrigley-103	RW: Oh yeah, oh yeah. Certainly from my second book. My first book—which Copper Canyon published in 1979—was my MFA thesis, basically, and when I find copies in bookstores, I buy them. I'm not embarrassed by it, but boy—it's really beginning work. I think in the Selected Poems, I used maybe three poems, and even then, I think I could have left them out and it wouldn't hurt anything, but my editor said, "No, no. You've got to have something." Beginning though with the second book, Moon in a Mason Jar, that's been absolutely the way I've operated. It's gotten complicated with two of the books. My third book, What My Father Believed, and Beautiful Country, are volumes not divided into sections so that in each of them, it seems more all of a piece, somehow, and those required a lot more movement. I don't know how I could have done it without the computer, moving poems in different locations throughout the text and finding ways to maintain a kind of a seamlessness, but not a kind of overwhelming sense of there being an arc, because really, it is a collection of poems. If there is an arc—boy, it's a very pale arc, at least in those two books of mine.	[00:48:00]
wrigley-104	DB: You said something about a system of arrows and numbers. I was wondering if you could maybe go into the nitty-gritty of that?
wrigley-105	RW: Well, it has to do with page numbers ,overall. I'll have the draft and I'll put page numbers on them. I'll just have an asterisk and 7, which will mean, "Look for the asterisk on page 7," or a check and 118—"Look at 118." And I'll have another check so there are a couple of spots in a couple of poems that correspond that can allow me to make a stitch here that connects those two things. So across two or 50 pages, there's a kind of communication that's going on through the whole of the manuscript.	[00:49:25]
wrigley-106	DB: And you just combine them all into one Word document on your computer?
wrigley-107	RW: Mm-hmm. And before then, when it had to be typed up, it was really hard. So I had to do a lot of penciling-of-things-in. Somewhere, in those many boxes in the closet, in the basement, are drafts, work sheets—whatever you want to call them—versions of all of the books since Moon in a Mason Jar that sort of show that process, how that came about.	[00:50:10]
wrigley-108	DB: Now that you do use a computer, do you find yourself making any changes in the collection once it's into a bigger file?
wrigley-109	RW: Absolutely.
wrigley-110	DB: Okay.
wrigley-111	RW: It never really stops. Well, with Anatomy of Melancholy, I thought I had it exactly the way I wanted it, but the first poem in the published book used to be the last poem in the published book, and the last poem in the published book used to be the first. And they were that way because there's a kind of chronology there, in a way—the last poem in the book happens before the first poem in the book, if you know what I mean. So, chronologically, it seemed better that what is now the last poem happened first.
wrigley-112	RW: But I got to working on it and realizing that a lot of it had to do with form, too. The last poem of the book is a sonnet as it stands now, which seemed like a great way into the book, but in fact, it seems to me like a much better way out of the book. So I still make those kinds of changes and I drag my poor copy editor crazy at Penguin because I'm always, "Okay I changed this. You're right. That comma is probably confusing." Or, "I don't have a comma there, but by the way, I've added two more lines," or "I've taken out a line in it." And where does this ever stop, I think.
wrigley-113	DB: So we're sort of on to how you organize—you move in from revision. You're always revising, but then you're also sort of moving into organizing the collection. Then, I guess once you're at that point that you've got published collections, you've got published poems, how do you kind of keep track of all of this stuff? Do you do it on the computer? Before the computer, I'm sure it was a little different than it is now. Or maybe that hasn't changed at all?	[00:52:22]
wrigley-114	RW: I don't think it has changed at all. I mean, there was a time when I would create a file on the computer that was nothing but poems that had been published in magazines, say. And then I just got away from that and sort of went old fashioned on myself and just started writing it down and keeping them in the file. I don't know why I did that. It just seems like it was a lot easier to get to the hard copy somehow and look at them and read them than it was to call up individual poems out of a whole other file. To that extent, I guess, I discovered that I prefer the old and seemingly laborious manual method with seriously analog notation and keeping track of things. I mean, there's no doubt that for me, it has got to be a combination of the two. Even still, I've got pencils all over the place because that's what I need to write in these things with.	[00:52:57]
wrigley-115	DB: Your other folder there that you called a thesis folder?
wrigley-116	RW: Mm-hmm.
wrigley-117	DB: When did you start using those? How did that come about?
wrigley-118	RW: That was in Montana. Madeline DeFrees gave all her students one of those, which is a very sweet thing. I loved it. Rodney Jones actually talks about these things. The Harvard calls them "thesis binders." You can buy them in the bookstore in Harvard, and you can buy them in the bookstore in Montana, but I've had to order these online. They're also called "spring binders."
wrigley-119	RW: At Montana when I was in graduate school, if you didn't have a spring binder to keep your poems in, you just weren't shit. I mean, it was just spring binder, man. "I don't have one." "Oh..." So I got sort of interested in that particular thing way back then, and I've got, well, in those boxes, hundreds of them, and I've got a couple of old ones here—that one, held together with duct tape. That's a big one. I think that's one Kim retired from a prose manuscript so that I could do the selected poems, because it was sort of a fatty in comparison.
wrigley-120	DB: How does it work? Does it clip in individual pages?
wrigley-121	RW: No, it's got metal in here. This is not new. You have to squeeze it, so it's just a piece of metal in the spine.
wrigley-122	DB: Oh okay.
wrigley-123	RW: Then it's got this little—
wrigley-124	DB: And then it's just individual pieces of paper made into a book?
wrigley-125	RW: Yeah. It's just a pile. There's no particular order in this. These are all prose poems in stanzas, which is not possible, but I did it. And then back in the back, there's about that maybe poems that have already been published, and there might be few more in journals. Yeah, that's my filing. That's either things that have been published and therefore might be serviceable in a collection somewhere down the road or poems that are still under construction, and then there is kind of an intermediary thing although they are all jumbled together. I don't know which is which. I have to keep… See, I don't do this on a computer—
wrigley-126	DB: Yeah—
wrigley-127	RW: This is my submission notebook, where I submitted things, and acceptances. I've been doing that for years. I started in 1995 and, most recently, I sent a batch—where did I send those—the Georgia Review and Smithsonian.
wrigley-128	DB: Okay. So we are going to go back here. We've seen the thesis binder, and you have then, like, years of them over there, and those are years of notebooks and years of thesis binders? How are you sort of organizing them, are you just sort of sticking them in one place?
wrigley-129	RW: They're not in any, well, they are in a kind of order. They go most recent to the oldest on the bottom of the pile, but they get shuffled because I go back and pull them out. It really is a kind of storage, kind of information retrieval system, which just happens to be handwritten and old fashioned, because I love going back. I can go 25 years and pull out a notebook and sometimes make discoveries, you know? "This was interesting. How come I didn't finish this one?" More often than not, I wasn't capable of finishing it. I'd gotten on to something I didn't quite have the knowhow or the resourcefulness to find a way out of. Now, either I do or I've convinced myself I do. So, I get it back out and go to work on it.
wrigley-130	DB: So, then the difference between—there're boxes as well, right?	[00:58:50]
wrigley-131	RW: By the time I put stuff in boxes, that's pretty well committed to book. I'm not much interested in pulling things out. But that's one of the reasons why I have this tray down here—this wooden tray where things go in, then I'll bring another one of those manuscript boxes out. It usually holds 10 reams of paper. Before these things—this pile of thing—goes in to that box, I go through it poem by poem, or draft by draft. I don't organize them but I look for something—"Oh yeah, I forgot about this." Because sometimes it will be—I know it's on the computer somewhere but I don't even remember it.
wrigley-132	RW: If I just go to Word and open, it's just chaos, it's just a whole lot of files. Some of them are not called that anymore but I can do a search. I can type a line and do a search and find it somewhere. But I would not even remember what it might have been called unless I find something in this batch before it goes in the box. I try not to lose anything but keeping track of it, it's hard. I write a lot.
wrigley-133	DB: How do you name your files and your folders and how do you organize your stuff on the computer?	[01:00:09]
wrigley-134	RW: Minimally.
wrigley-135	DB: Minimally? First line?
wrigley-136	RW: Usually just the title and sometimes I'll have—I've got, like, just a poem called "Ant," and I've got "Ant 1," "Ant 2," "Ant 3," because I'm not sure which of those drafts I prefer. I kind of like something about them all. It maybe that eventually I'll get to a final version of that poem called "Ant" and eliminate the others, or I'll print them off, put them in a box, and eliminate them from the hard drive—just get rid of them so they don't clutter up or get in the way. But I'm not all that resourceful with the computer. I think that a lot of people are much more resourceful with it as a tool. I don't tend to do a lot of organization. It's just where I store individual poems for the most part.
wrigley-137	RW: So there is a poem under a particular title and that's it. Or, there is a manuscript under a particular title. Although now—and this has got particularly strange, because so many magazines are accepting submissions online—you find you have to assemble another file consisting of three or four or five poems to send, which also gets complicated. You have this other whole set of files. So I have individual poems here—I have batches of poems that have been submitted over here and after awhile, I'll just dump those.
wrigley-138	DB: Just get rid of them?
wrigley-139	RW: Yeah. I still got the other, I still got the poems.
wrigley-140	DB: So the poem itself is the kind of master file, so to speak?
wrigley-141	RW: Yes.
wrigley-142	DB: Okay. You don't ever have like "Ant 2" or "Ant Revised" or anything like that?
wrigley-143	RW: No. When I lose track of—I mean, most of these are two or three drafts. That's number one, number three. Mostly these first drafts are still around here but you can get back in here and find like four, five, seven, eight.
wrigley-144	RW: Then you go back from here and there will be, you know, draft number 22. And eventually, once I decide that that's done and it goes into computer as a kind of final draft, that's just the final poem as it stands there and I'll eliminate anything else that existed along the way, just to keep the old hard drive from being cluttered up, and just to make it easier to find things when I need them.
wrigley-145	DB: No, that's one of the bigger challenges, trying to figure out what was done and how you did it. It's kind of bringing us to the end of this section of questions and I have some sort of more pointed questions about computer use and correspondence. I guess overall, do you see any distinct stages in your writing process? Do you see, over the course of your career, do you see, like, distinct shifts or do you sort of see it as a gradual change, or not change, sort of staying the same at some point?	[01:03:06]
wrigley-146	RW: I think there was one huge sort of shift and that was when I moved from—actually, when I changed publishers. My second two books came from the University of Illinois Press and I had this kind of story book thing that happened. I gave a reading at a writer's conference at which there were—the president of Viking was there and the director of publicity, who is now my editor, who is famous. He edited Eat, Pray, Love. He's T. C. Boyle's editor, Paul Slovak. He was there and I gave this reading and the president of Viking came up and said, "Do you have a book?" I said, "Well, I got a start on one. I'm working on one." He goes, "Send me what you got." I sent him six poems and a title of what I perceived the book—this book—and three weeks later, I had an offer and a contract in an envelope and a delivery date. I called and I got the delivery date extended to six months, and bingo I was on.
wrigley-147	RW: That's sort of been the way I've worked with Penguin ever since—when I know what the book is going to be, when I have this sort of abstract, but never the less certain sense, that this is what the book is going to be, this is how it's going to work, what's it going to revolve around. This is what the title is. I'll send the editor an email and say, "Well, this is the book. It's going to be called Anatomy of Melancholy and Other Poems. I'd like to deliver in spring of 2012." "Okay," he says, and then they send me a contract. It's a pretty good deal but it's sort of a big shift because from that point on, I've not had to worry about finding a publisher, and that's just a great luxury.
wrigley-148	RW: I cannot pay attention to so much of the sort of the professional part of it. Where I tell my students, "Your writing is your life. Your publishing is your career. You live your life, you manage your career." Sometimes those things get so tangled up and for some people, they get tangled up, I think, much to their detriment, both on the life side—maybe less so on the career side—but they get it all knotted together. Not that way. I've just been lucky enough that it hasn't worked that way for me.
wrigley-149	DB: Right. What book was this?
wrigley-150	RW: That was called In the Bank of Beautiful Sins. That was the first one I did with Penguin. I've done six books.
wrigley-151	DB: I guess my one question with that is does it seem—I mean, I want to use the word "organic" here—was it more organic when you just kind of wrote until you had a book and then presented it? Or actually is it different now that you kind of know that you are guaranteed, basically, of publishing it?
wrigley-152	RW: Yeah.
wrigley-153	DB: It's sort of a dumb word for this, but it—
wrigley-154	RW: No, I know what you mean. Although I think that there's something even more organic for me about having the vision of what the book is in advance even before I've written some of the poems that are going to comprise that book, because it completely changes my focus. Once I know. I mean, people ask me now, "Are you working on a book?" "No, I'm just writing poems." That's a very serious distinction for me, and I'm not in any hurry to know what the next book is. I just published one less than a year ago, right? So, April? So, it's like seven months old. It's going to be a year or two before I begin to have some sense, and even then, I might just say, "I really don't need to be any hurry." Although Random House is now Penguin Random House and nobody knows what that means.
wrigley-155	RW: Random House publishes Billy Collins and nobody else. Putnam publishes Linda Bierds and Cornelius Eady and nobody else. Penguin's got a huge list. Knopf's a got a huge list. There is one publisher need for poetry lists: what's going to happen? I have no control over that, so I'm just going to keep doing what I do, and if things change? Bummer. Either that or not, I don't know, it might be fine. But I do think that it really has been, and it was that first incidence of seeing, "I got this great opportunity. Penguin wants to publish a book of mine. I can make this move to a New York house and I don't have a book manuscript yet, but if I can promise to have this book manuscript called this in such and such date, I'll have it." And it works so well for me. My first three books were Penguin, and all won prizes, but have cooled off. That they still love me but, still, I need to win another prize, I guess. Doing the best I can.
wrigley-156	DB: That's an interesting point. I mean, when you have these deadlines, is it in some ways just that much more generative? You can't really have a block.	[01:09:23]
wrigley-157	RW: No. My colleague, Brandon Schrand, says, "There is no such thing as writer's block." If you call a plumber, he's not going to tell you "I got plumber's block. I can't help you." We ought to be able to be as professional about it as a plumber is. I mean, that's facetious, of course, but Bill Stafford always used to say, "If you can't write, lower your standards." That's actually tremendously good advice too, because you lower your standards and it can open up in so many different ways. You don't really lower your standards. You quit trying to second guess yourself. You quit sitting down trying to write a great poem because that's a recipe for disaster.
wrigley-158	DB: Absolutely, yeah. This sort of last group of questions is more specifically about computers and some of it is going to be repetitive. So if you've answered most of it you don't need to do more, but just do me the favor of repeating yourself if you don't mind. I think we can answer some of these. You began using computers on a regular basis—?	[01:10:20]
wrigley-159	RW: Mid 90s.
wrigley-160	DB: Mid 90s. You started using them basically just for like as almost as a typewriter. How did that sort of change? Were there things that became part of your life that you did more with the computer?
wrigley-161	RW: I really did not start actively composing and composing—sometimes the bulk of the poem. And occasionally—this has not happened too very often—the prose poems. I just pointed out that prose poem in stanzas had to be composed on the computer, the whole of it. By which I mean I set the margins and allowed the word processing to determine where the ends of the lines were, but that also required that I not sort of run the line on too far before I begin what I felt was another stanza. My students accuse me of hating prose poems. I don't hate prose poems I just don't see the point. Which is probably ignorant of me.
wrigley-162	RW: There are prose poems I love but again, I've never really been interested in writing one until I sort of gave myself this challenge. "What if I allowed the computer to determine where the lines end but still found a way to make its structure appear as though it was verse and not prose?" That's what I did.
wrigley-163	RW: I think however when I first started trying to compose or do the bulk of the composition on the computer was after I was in this little space, which probably would have been somewhere around late 2008, maybe, and I started out just on a kind of a lark. "What happens if I come up here and sit down and make a poem in lines on the word processor?" I think I was on sabbatical then, too, as I am now. That would have been 2007. I didn't have much luck. I didn't have much luck making actual poems until all of a sudden, I did. That's when I decided to sort of convert myself to part time writing long hand and part time writing on the computer, and I've been very comfortable with that ever since.
wrigley-164	DB: So about 2007?
wrigley-165	RW: About 2007, I think that's when I really got started on it.
wrigley-166	DB: You are sort of talking about this but I guess, are there any sort of techniques or formats that you were able to—well, you already sort of said this but—I guess these are the more sort of pressing questions. Do you think your using the computer has given you advantages over previous styles of writing? Conversely, what sort of disadvantages do you see?
wrigley-167	RW: I don't see any disadvantages really. I have sort of worries about what it might do but at this point I can't quite bring myself to go back, mainly because I'm having, it seems like I'm having good luck, and part of that may just be that I've got to that point in my life in my career as a writer where I know a lot of tricks. I know how to trick myself. I know how to get going. I know how to get out of a lot of tight spaces. I know how to surprise myself or how to do those things that might lead me to surprise myself. I can do that on the computer and I can do that, I can get somewhere faster or so it seems. It might be an illusion but I don't think that it is.
wrigley-168	RW: If there is a disadvantage, I don't have—let me grab one of these. I don't know when this was… 1996. You can see, I don't do—I mean, look how neat that is. There is not a lot of—then there's a little bit more crossing out and stuff. I don't know what this is. There is a big chunk cut and sometimes there is a little bit more and all those kinds of things, but I don't—the major revisions even here probably began when I started converting it to a type print document. But I miss this sometimes. I go back and look and think, "How cool is this? This is sort of an interesting thing to have."
wrigley-169	RW: I'm not producing this anymore. And I worry about that. No one knows. If you're writing in hopes that your poems will last, that makes you pretty normal, but there is no guarantee. Everybody hopes that they might write something that might last, but you just don't know. You just do the best you can. But if there is a point at which one's work draws the attention of some kind of a scholar or somebody who is willing to study what you've done, documents like that are going to be really, really interesting because it was put on the page by the hand of the poet rather than just ignited electronically.
wrigley-170	DB: So, there is no thought being sort of expressed on the electronic document?
wrigley-171	RW: No. Some of the margins—in my own marginalia, on my own poems, there is a big question mark, but then there's other times, there's like notes. "Tools, tools!" I just saw a couple of others—"Egad!" I'll just pick it up and I don't know what it says. I don't have my glasses on. But yeah, making notes to myself. Sometimes notes in frustration. You know, "This is idiotic." I don't know what this says, I don't have my glasses. "Jesus!" Oh yeah, "Jesus! Just saw a truck get hit by the train!"
wrigley-172	DB: Oh wow. Wait, Jesus did?	[01:17:49]
wrigley-173	RW: No. I did. Jesus as in "Jesus!"
wrigley-174	DB: You got somebody in one of your books being Christ, right?
wrigley-175	RW: Yeah. There is Lucifer Doula, when his brother, Jesus Christ was born then.
wrigley-176	DB: That makes more sense. I guess this is sort of simple, maybe overly simple, but does the internet play a role in any of your writing practices? Is that connected to the internet?	[01:18:09]
wrigley-177	RW: Yeah. When I built the thing in 2002 I put an Ethernet cable, buried an Ethernet cable out. I am wired out here but I try to not stay connected very often because it's such an easy distraction. On the other hand, Kim and I enjoyed Scotland so much, I've been trying to get her to apply to go to the Castle at Hawthorne. Rochelle has been there. But then it turns out you can't—they don't want you to go as a couple and there is no internet. And Kim said, "Forget it" because she's a prose writer and she said—oh, and the NSA must have a file five feet thick on her because she wrote a novel about… She's downloaded maps of all the oil fields and pipelines in the Middle East. I mean, of course they're watching her. But all that came through the internet. It's a useful thing and I still use it every now and then. If I do wind up submitting a poem… I just sent a poem—right before we left for UK—to Paul Muldoon. You know, the only way to submit to the New Yorker is electronically. They're not interested in paper anymore.
wrigley-178	DB: Even all the mainstream contests now are almost exclusively—
wrigley-179	RW: That's good somehow.
wrigley-180	DB: It makes it a lot easier for everyone, I think.
wrigley-181	RW: I think so. I don't worry about the book disappearing and going to eBooks much. And if it does, all these books of mine are going to be worth a fortune. That's the way I look at it.
wrigley-182	DB: We sort of talked about this, but when do you consider a piece of writing finished? Have these machines changed your sort of option on that regard?	[01:20:20]
wrigley-183	RW: I think that it's just the same as the type print. I don't consider anything complete until I print it off and then send it off into the world. But when I did the selected poems both here and in the UK, I made some changes. Not big changes, but I made some changes here and there in poems. So, I don't consider them sacred ever. But mostly, when I'm ready to put it in a book it's finished. I'm just not going to mess with it anymore.
wrigley-184	RW: I had this talk with Terrance Hayes, whom I've known for a long time, since—well, he was never a wee boy, he was nine foot tall, anyway—he didn't want to read poems out of books at Albra. And we were both in England with Dennis Nurkse and Kathy Pollard—they were really the four Americans there. I said, "Yeah, I know what you mean." But I said, "But I got this Brit book. I've got to read from the book because the publisher is here. He wants to move copies." And he goes, "Yeah, you're right." He doesn't have a British publisher, so they shipped Penguin books over there. He goes, "I want people to buy it, otherwise they're going to ship them all back." So, we had to read poems from the books, and as he said to me—and I understand this absolutely at readings—"I'm not really interested in reading those poems." It's like once that book is out there, run along. I'm interested in reading and sharing what I'm working on and sort of testing it in reading situations.
wrigley-185	DB: How do you feel about the security and fixity of your files? You have the backup. Does that pretty much alleviate most of your worries and you don't—?	[01:22:14]
wrigley-186	RW: Yeah, I did. On this book shelf here there is a little piece of wood that functions as a book-stop, and it didn't use to have that. I had a big marble book end which I was sitting right here, I had my feet on the desk as I was reading and I heard something slide. I just turned just to see this 12-lb marble book end just crush on the laptop. I managed to get the hard drive up and retrieve everything, the hard drive was fine. It didn't hurt it, it just killed the mechanism. I'm not too worried about it. And then I also print things off relentlessly. Every time I get through a draft, and which is why I fill up so many cartons of paper. North Texas, those people who buy so many piles of writer's papers—especially Western writers—pay by the pound. So, you feel me? You aren't going to pay me anything for my electronic files. No, I'm printing these off. The paper is heavy.
wrigley-187	DB: That's funny. I guess you talked about having an external hard drive before. What was that process like and were you more concerned about crashes and what not in the earlier days of computers?
wrigley-188	RW: I think I was. I'm less concerned with the Mac. Somehow it seems, you know, I never have any issues with it. Whereas PC sometimes seem to kind of odd or they would be afflicted by some bug. That worried me so I had this 3/4 TB hard drive that, every time I came out here, I just plugged it in and it was on automatic backup. It backed up all my photographs as well as music and mostly all my files. While it was plugged in, it would backup every hour. It would just backup all my Word files. I still got that, I have to plug it in but it won't work on the Mac. I have to plug it in to a PC somewhere. It's out here somewhere. Every now and then I think I need to go buy an external drive for the Mac too just so I can back things up that way but then I don't because I do have a lot of paper. I got stuff in the cloud and I got stuff in Mozy so I feel pretty sanguine about the possibilities of me being able to retrieve something.
wrigley-189	RW: Now if a forest fire rips through when I'm gone and burns up the computer and all my boxes of poems and everything, then its Mozy or the cloud and that's it. And every place in the woods in this part of Idaho burns. It's not if, it's when. It hasn't been here in a long time but could be next July, August, or September, or October. Which concerns me, yes. That does concern me and I'd especially like to move all those boxes out of the closet if I get the write offer.
wrigley-190	DB: Cedar closet, too?
wrigley-191	RW: I need a vault.
wrigley-192	DB: I have just a few more questions. I want to talk a little bit about correspondence and then a little bit about teaching. Do you correspond much now with other writers? I guess we'll talk about teaching a little bit.	[01:25:50]
wrigley-193	RW: I do, and I miss—let's see. That's a letter from Phil Levine. He wrote me because I wrote him. And I've got a file in there, probably 1.5-inch thick, of letters from Phil Levine. That's almost all letters. But I probably write 10 letters, 12 letters a year now. I've got a few people who are really willing correspondents and write back. They still like the idea of letters. And I do too—I love getting letters. It's not like getting an email. But most of the correspondence is via email anymore, and I try to print those off.
wrigley-194	RW: I've got two or three letters from Billy Collins. I've known Billy for a long time too, but our correspondence over the last decade has been entirely electronic. All these abbreviated little snippets, which are hilarious, because he's very funny, tremendously witty, and he's especially good in letters, too, as well as in poems. So we have a great deal of fun. But they're all these little short snippets, which I find myself compelled to come out and print off—the whole thread of the thing, one email at a time—to snatch a page that long. But I want to save those things. Something about saving them electronically doesn't seem like saving them on paper.
wrigley-195	DB: When did email start to become the sort of primary mode of correspondence?	[01:27:35]
wrigley-196	RW: Probably around the turn of the millennium, I think, for me. It was so exciting at first being able to communicate so quickly. But then you realize what's missing. I can go back and look at—I got letters from Gwendolyn Brooks, I've got letters from James Dickey, Richard Hugo. I've got this wonderful file of letters which, if a forest fire burns through, they're gone too, I'm thinking.
wrigley-197	DB: Bring those in, we'll scan them for you.
wrigley-198	RW: But I do. A lot of the communications. I've got a file on one of my two email addresses. I get a lot of writerly emails on the U of I account because that's the easiest one to find. I've got a Gmail account that I just kind of keep private. That's my business file, and my personal file, or my personal email. I save all those communications from other poets, other writers but I don't print all of them off. Some I do. Some seem important enough to print off, others don't.
wrigley-199	DB: That's your kind of line? If it's something that you kind of hold dear, you print?
wrigley-200	RW: Yeah. If I get a particularly great letter. I published a poem in the New Yorker—well, it's in that issue up there, the Obama issue with O over the Lincoln Memorial. I've never had a response to a poem like that. It's a poem called "It's a Beautiful Country." Shit—what is it called?—"Exxon." I got 140-some odd emails from a lot of people I know. A lot of poets I know of but don't really know. A lot of strangers—vets, amputees. All of them positive. And all of that stuff, you know, I print it off. I've got a whole file of just those kinds of things. Just to have that kind of response to a poem… You gotta save that in hard copy, I guess is what I'm saying. I couldn't just leave those sort of loose on the net.	[01:28:56]
wrigley-201	DB: Because they are not—
wrigley-202	RW: Right. They're probably no more permanent now, given that I live in place that's likely going to have a forest fire, but they seem that way to me now. And it's easy enough to look at them if I should want to, which I have not.
wrigley-203	DB: Did you have letters come to you when you were younger that were not email? Did that happen?
wrigley-204	RW: Oh yeah. I've always got a couple of files in there just called "Fan Mail," where you get letters from people you don't know. But also sometimes I think that's the difference between two files, is one is people I know who sent me terrific poems and such and such, or then poems from complete strangers. I got another pile called "Crank"—I've gotten like four or five anonymous letters from some person who hates me in Boise. I don't know what's up with that. But I'm really kind of delighted by them. You can always tell—there's no return address, it's from Boise. It's always like, "Oh, it's that asshole again! What have you got to say this time?"
wrigley-205	DB: That's kind of exciting.	[01:31:12]
wrigley-206	RW: I told Phil Levine about it and he said, "You know you're getting somewhere if people hate you."
wrigley-207	DB: Yeah. Has your style of writing these correspondences—I mean, once email became part of it, did it change your letter writing, too, or has it—?
wrigley-208	RW: Well I mean it made letter writing almost go away. And I wrote a lot of letters. Letters were kind of the way I warmed up when I would get into my writing space here. Or in Leonor, I had another shack very similar to this, and it was how I warmed up—I'd write a letter to somebody, sometimes to my mom, but most often it was just another poet, another poet friend. I'd write him a letter, talk to him about poems, and maybe send him a couple of poems. When email came along—there's something about putting a poem as an attachment to send to somebody that seems like more of a violation. If you put it folded in an envelope with a letter, it's a much friendlier, more intimate kind of gesture than email is.
wrigley-209	DB: Yeah. I understand what you are saying, but also it's surprising because in some way that should make it much more easily available for you to write to your friends and send poems.
wrigley-210	RW: And of course it does. The last few times I've sent poems off to other people—I think I sent something to David Baker a few years ago just to get some feedback, and I sent those email. Last time I sent poems to anybody else to look at who was not Kim, I think I sent them email. So it's very easy to do that, it's convenient, but it's not as intimate. Or it doesn't seem as intimate. And why is it less intimate?
wrigley-211	DB: I didn't actually ask you one question. I was interested in your sort of routine. Like, do you come out here in the mornings? Is there like set times or is it whenever? Or what's your schedule like?	[01:33:07]
wrigley-212	RW: It's mostly whenever I can. I have long days, I teach Tuesdays and Thursdays. When I took this job, that was my understanding—my teaching schedule will be Tuesday and Thursdays. I teach Tuesdays and Thursdays. I'm usually in by 9. I almost always have a night class, so I put in like 12-13 hours on campus Tuesday and Thursday. Wednesday tends to be my campus day when I'm just doing regular office hours and hopefully, if I'm on a committee, I can get them to schedule meetings on Wednesday. If they don't want to do Wednesday I'll do Friday, but I'd rather have, theoretically, Monday and Friday. That's when I write. I get out here between 9 and 10—it varies. It depends on what else is going on through the year. If it's cold weather, I'll build the fire, get it warmed up, and maybe do a little email work to catch up, and then get started. And go in for lunch about noonish, 12:30. Between 12:30 and 1, I come back out and stay until about 5. That's pretty much been my routine really for a long time now, for 20 years. It's a pretty good way to work. It's a luxury to have time. It's an even greater luxury to be on sabbatical, or—as I envision it when I retire—permanent sabbatical. We'll see about that. We'll see how that works.
wrigley-213	DB: So, I guess the last, sort of, questions. With teaching and the sort of advent of the computer coming into your teaching, how did that sort of change your day to day life? There is much more access to you, but there is also sort of more barriers. I don't know?	[01:34:59]
wrigley-214	RW: On the negative side, yeah. You're available. You are sort of at the end of this electronic tether. You can't get away from students that way, but my students tend to be pretty aware of what I'm up to. But there are certain things they just got to know about, and sometimes, "Can we meet tomorrow? I know you're coming. I know you've got office hours. I don't know if you've got any time between 2 and 3. If I can stop by could we look at these two poems?" There is an attachment with a couple of poems.
wrigley-215	RW: That's the downside—that they don't have to call you, they don't have to make an appointment or come by. They can just ask you and there you are at home, and you respond, and I do. It's also great though, because they can do that and it's a whole lot more convenient. "Sure. I've got the poems now. I could read them tonight. I'll talk to you about them tomorrow, come in at 2:30." So it's both. Mostly I think it's positive. Mostly I think it's good. I'm on sabbatical, and Kim is not on sabbatical. She worked out being gone for 13 days while we went to the UK. When we were at Aldborough, all she did was correspondence with her students. She was doing it, like, while we were there for four days. She did nothing but. She never did get to see much of Aldborough because of that and everybody else at the festival thought my wife was a myth because she only came out once.
wrigley-216	DB: Do you see like the sort of—I mean call them what you will, but—the more computer adept, those who have been raised, the "digital natives" or whatever, have they sort of changed your relationship to computers? Their sort of comfort and use of it, has that sort of done anything to your own teaching or your own sort of writing in that way?	[01:36:50]
wrigley-217	RW: Teaching maybe in so far as… What I love, especially in graduate classes—especially in things like the techniques class, which I'm teaching in the spring in which we'll be talking about a different volume of contemporary poetry every week—we'll have a good 2.5-3-hour discussion about this book of poems. How the book works, how the individual poems work, how this particular poet does his or her work. It'll be great, it'll be invigorating and I'll come home and I'll immediately think of like 37 different things I should have said or ways to connect things that they said and sort of bind to our conversation together. And the email—I'll just do a class email and just, with bullets, say "Here's this and this and this." I can add two or three links—the things they need to consider.
wrigley-218	RW: That was one of the great things about the internet. I taught—I don't remember what the class was called. It was an American Lit class. English 570. Studies in American and English literature, I think it was. But anyway, 20th Century. And I taught Hart Crane. I taught "The Bridge" and they both despised Hart Crane because it's not easy and it's a failed epic, God bless him. But we had a wonderful discussion about what qualifies his failure and ambition and so forth, and I was able to send them the follow up email that tried to bind the class discussion together with all sorts of references and links to other things they could read about Crane. I mean, it's a great pedagogical tool that way.
wrigley-219	DB: Right. I think I've exhausted it. Unless you have any other—? I think we've covered pretty much everything I want to cover and we have a good sense of your writing process. Is there anything that you—I mean you're writing letters in the earlier part of your career to get warmed up was sort of interesting to me. Do you do anything specifically to get warmed up now? Do you read?	[01:39:04]
wrigley-220	RW: Actually I write sonnets.
wrigley-221	DB: You write sonnets?
wrigley-222	RW: Yeah. I probably have 100 sonnets. I think I've published 2 in books. But I love the form. The form is very friendly to me and they're mostly sort of hybridized. I like the Italian octave. I like ABBA, ABBA, and the kind of Shakespearian couplet at the end, or at least a kind of couplet and rhyme at the end. I'll sit down and I'll spend the first two hours just kind of messing around with a sonnet. I don't really need—it's like with a sonnet, I don't need an idea. I just start putting words on paper. It will have to do with the frost, it will have to do with the—I think it's gone. Anyway, I can see sort of the paper, but a bald-faced Hornet's nest about this big around up on the tree, and I think I've gotten three or four what I call "wind sprint sonnets" out of that thing. Just looking up and watching the hornets going about. Which, at some point this winter, I need to take the shotgun out and blast it out of the tree, out of the way, because next year it'll be this big. So, I don't want that.
wrigley-223	DB: Where did you write those down on? In a notebook or are they—?
wrigley-224	RW: Well no, I just sat down on a computer and started writing them down.
wrigley-225	DB: Those are in the computer?
wrigley-226	RW: Yeah. It loosens me up, get things going and sometimes I'll get halfway into it, I'll get 13 lines into one and then I'll feel a sort of desperation and I'll just finish it off somehow with a rhyme. It's not a successful poem. Like I said, I've only used—if I've got a 100, I've only used two. But it gets the wheels turning, and then I can turn here and I can start writing down lines. And it's often, not always, but something, some phrase or word out of that little sonnet—"wind sprint" as I called it—will be like, "Oh wait, there's a real poem in that phrase." So, I'll start from that. It's great. Great fun too. I do love sonnets. I should probably try to find them all. No, I won't. It's in the boxes, in the boxes, in the boxes.
wrigley-227	DB: The future scholars will have many chores.
wrigley-228	RW: Yeah, see if you can find them and see how many of them don't suck. I think there's two.
wrigley-229	DB: There's two maybe. Thank you very much.
wrigley-230	RW: It's my pleasure, Devin. It's great to get to meet you and—
wrigley-231	DB: Yeah. I'm sorry I've been sort of reclusive I guess.
wrigley-232	RW: No, it's okay. You've got, like, a job and stuff, too.
wrigley-233	DB: Yeah, I do. A 9-5 and all that.
wrigley-234	RW: Yeah.
wrigley-235	DB: I think it'll be okay.

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